Christmas Booklet Flashcards
(AC) Plasma Membrane - Function
Protects cell from surroundings. semi-permeable to ions and organic molecules
(AC) Cytoplasm - Function
Maintains cell shape and stores chemicals needed for metasolic reactions
(AC) Nucleus - Function
Controls cellular activity and houses DNA and proteins
(AC) Nucleolus - Function
Makes RNA and ribosomes
(AC) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Function
Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes and the newly synthesised proteins are transported to the golgi apparatus
(AC) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Function
Responsible for the synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates
(AC) Golgi Apparatus - Function
Modifies newly made proteins (from rough ER) and packages them into vesicles to be transported to where they are needed
(AC) Vesicles - Function
Transport vesicles transport materials inside the cell. secretory vesicles transport proteins that are to be released from the cell
(AC) Lysosomes - Function
Break down waste materials including old organelles
(AC) Ribosomes - Function
Protein synthesis occurs here
(AC) Mitochondria - Function
Site of the final stages of cellular respirations
(AC) Centrioles - Function
Form spindle fibres during cell division
(PC) Cell Wall - Function
Protects and supports each cell and the whole plant
(PC) Chloroplast - Function
Site of photosynthesis. light energy is trapped by the chlorophyll and used to produce carbohydrate molecules from water and carbon dioxide
(PC) Vacuole - Function
Maintains turgor to ensure a rigid framework in the cell
(PC) Tonoplast - Function
Selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass through
(PC) Amyloplast - Function
Responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules
(PC) Plasmodesmata - Function
Enable transport and communication between individual plant cells
(PC) Pits - Function
Allow water to enter and leave xylem vessels
Palisade Mesophyll Cells - Function
Photosynthesis. mesophyll captures light and makes food
Root Hair Cell - Function
Collect water and mineral nutrients from water and transport through roots to the rest of the plant
Sperm Cell - Function
Fertilize egg. reproduce
Egg Cell - Function
Reproduce
Red Blood Cell - Function
Transport oxygen. remove carbon dioxide from body
White Blood Cell - Function
Protect body against infectious disease and foreign invaders
Squamous Epithelial Tissue - Location
Lines certain structures such as the alveoli
Squamous Epithelial Tissue - Function
Provide short diffusion path ways for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Columnar Epithelial Tissue - Location
Lines the trachea in the respiratory system
Columnar Epithelial Tissue - Function
Protects lungs from infections by sweeping away pathogens
`Endothelium Epithelial Tissue - Location
Lining heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Endothelium Epithelial Tissue - Function
Provide short diffusion pathways for various substances E.G. products of digestion and blood plasma and tissue fluid
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres (6)
Aerobic respiration Many mitochondria Dark in colour Long contractions Slow to fatigue Endurance activities
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres (6)
Anaerobic respiration Few / no mitochondria Pale in colour Short contractions Quick to fatigue Activities needing short bursts of power
Steps in an Action Potential
Voltage begins to rise from -60mv. Gates in voltage-gated channels open. Influx of Na+ ions into axon membrane. This is depolarization. This causes action potential in that section of the neurone. Sets off depolarisation in next section of neurone. Approx +30mv when the Na+ channels close. Gates in K+ gated channels open. K+ ions flow into membrane (slower that Na+ influx). Potential difference returns to -60mv. This is repolarisation.
What Happens at a Synapes
Action potential arrives at synaptic bulb. Causes calcium channels to open allowing in calcium to the presynaptic bulb. Neurotransmitters arrive in vesicles. Calcium causes the vesicle to merge with synapse membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters disperse across synapse until they reach the postsynaptic nerve. Neurotransmitters bind with sodium channels, causing them to open and allow in sodium. New action potential is created.
