Christine - psych - Flashcards
A build up in the pressure of the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye would most likely result in:
The aqueous humor is a liquid that bathes the front part of the eye before it draine into the canal of Schlemm. The ciliary muscle, part of the ciliary body is responsible for changing the shape of the lense via parasymphatic movements of the suspecsory ligaments. Accomodation is the name of the process when the shape of the lense is changed……Answer to question: a lack of focused vison due to deformation of the lense.
If tones varied in loudness and a subject is just a;ble to percieve the difference between a 42.5 and a 43,5 dzb soub, then what is the minimum volume a tone would need to have tobe just perceptible as louder than a 57.1 db sound?
Answer 58.1…… Webers law: the just noticable difference is a function of proportion. That is, is a 10 percent increase is noticable, then any proportional change of less than 10 percent is not noticable. Because dB is a log scale, each 1 db represetns the same proportional change in the sound intensity
What is singal detection theory?
Signal dection theory accounts for response bias, which is the tendency for people to be influeced by nonsensory information ( experiences, motives, expectation) when habitually responding to stimuli
What are parts of the eye where light enters?
Cornea( refracts light), sclera( white of eye), choroid( absorbing excess light with pigmented cells)–>anterior chamber ( in front of iris)–> iris( colored part with opeing called the pupil–> posterier chamber –> lens (refracts light more controlled by the ciliary muscle)–> retina( cones and rods)–. biipolar cells–> gangilan cells that make up the optic nerve–> occipital lobe
What cells are accociated with the retina? What are parts of the retina?
Cells associated–> amacrine and horizontal cells–> recieve input from retinal cells before any information is passed to the ganglion cells , important for edge detection…….Parts of the retina: Cones ( for color; Rods–> there are more of these, they are good for the dark; fovea ( all cones here))
What is the pathway of light?
Left visual field–> cross to the right side of the eye–> signal from photorecptors on the right side of the eye no matter what eye will go to the right side of the lateral gnicule body in the thalmus, this means that one optic tract crosses ( the nasal tract atand crosses at the optic chasm; the temporal fibers to not cross–> then the signal is passes to the occipital lobe
Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located? Where is the medial genicalte nuclus located ?
The lateral geniculate nucleus is located in the occipital pathway and the medial geniculate nucleus is located in the auditory pathway.
Describe the structure of the ear. What does the frequency of the vibration determine? What does the amplitute of the vibration determine?
The Outer Ear: The Pinna or auricle that channels sound through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane ( eardrum); The FREQUENCY determines the rate of vibration and the higher amplitude determines how loud; The MIDDLE ear: three smallest bones: the ossicles–> the malleus, incus, stapes–> they connect to the choclea on the oval window in the The iNNEr eaR: protected by a thick bone called the bony labyrinth. The structures of the middle ear form the membrane labyrith which fills with endolymph ( potassium rich fluiD); there is another fluid around this called the perilymph whic htransmits virations from the stapes and protect the membranous labyrith; The cochela is divided into three setions : organ of corti( the hearing apparatous); hair cells of the organ of corti covert the physicial information into electrical signals which is transfered to the CNS; the vestribular, urile and saccule, are for balance and determine our orientation in space; The semicircular canal senses rotational accelateration; Onces the electrical signal reaches the brainstem it goes to the MGN of the thalmus, then the temporal lobe where the auditory cortex processes infor, the superior olive and inferior colliculus also helps with this
What is the Halo effect?
Halo effect is a cognitice bias in which judgement of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the indvidual
What are hallucinagins?
They raise ur heart rate, and dialate ur pupils. They include LSD, peyote, psilocybin, mescaline. They can also distort perception, enhance sensory experience and cause introspecttion
What is automatic processing?
It allows someone to multitake more effectively by letting them engage in one actin automaticall, ‘without thinking about it” while paying attention to the other action.
What is the resource model of attention?
The resource model of attention asserts that people can pay attention to mulitpe different stimuli if the brain has enough resources available
What is deductive reasoning? What is inductive reasoning?
Deductive reasing–> When given general rules and applying those general rules to figure out a particular situation; Inductive reasoning–> taking a number of specific situations ad crafting a general rule
What is Dysthmia? What is dissociative disorder? What it antisocial personality disorder?
Antisocial personality disorder –>, is a mental condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.; Dysthmia is a form of mild depression and dissociative disorder is when two or more distinct identidies are present
What is anterograde amnesia? What is retrograde amnesia?
Antergrade–. problem forming new memories; retrograe- inability to recall memories from the past
What is the process of storing long term memory?
encoding, storage and retrival inculdeds the process of remembering; recieving, processing and combining is the process of storing long term memories
What is procedural memory?
involves basal ganglia. a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike
What psychologist is closely is related with the genetic basis of nerotosism n in terms of personality?
Eysenck
What is carl rogers associate dith
Self acuatualization is the goal of humanistic psychotheapy and is asociated with rodgers
What is the public declaration influencing behavior effect?
This is a way of explaining behavior that influences attitude. This refers to the effect of makign a public declaration and how this act demonstrates the power that behavior can have over our attitude. Declaring something publically can change a stance on something. For example, politicain declars his opinon against HFCS and continues to make statements again it and developes a stronger and stronger stance agaisnt it
What is validity? What is reliability? What is specificity? And what is Sensitivity?
Validity is accuracy or the right answer. Reliability is percision or the same answer. Sensitivity is the number of individuals that are correctly identified with having the disease or condition. ( true positive rate). Specificity measures the proportin of negatives that are correctled identided ( those not having_
Define the following: Cognitive dissonance, drvie reduction, the opponent- process theory and self determination
Congitive dissoance thoery; seeks to explain why justification is such a potent influence on attitudes; ppl seek considtency between attitudes, beliefs and behaviors; Drive reuction: Need –> drive__ action; opponent process theory__> accounds for the destructive motivations beahing drug abuse and addition. a certain drug taken repeativly then the body will attempt to counteract the chemical effect o that drug. For example if a person drinks to much there body increases arousal to counteract depressive effecs. this is why alcohol withdrawal causes jitters and anxiety; self determination: describes three general needs that must be met for a person to have ideal relationships with other ppl his environment and herself( Autonomy, competence, and relatedness( feel accepted by other ppl )
Define the following: Drive reductin theory, cognitive theory prejudice discrimination theory and aggregation theory
Drive reduction theory: need–> drive–> action, cognitive theory –> rediscrimintion ttheory– aggregation theory__ .
What is a secondary drive? What is a primay drive>
A secondary drive–> is learned from experience; primary is a bodies need ( hunger)
During the traumatic event that leads to PTSD, which of the following hormone levels is very elevated?
cortisol
What is major depressive disorder?
a family history can increase the liklihood of major depressive; selectie serotonin reuptake inhibitors are an effective treatment; there can be a dysfunction in monamine activity
What is the function of each of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
temporal lobe: hearing, long term memory, verbal and recognition ; occipital lobe: vision ; frontal lobe: descion making and partietal: temperature, touch, taste and movement, draw read and write
what is explicit memory? What is implicit memory?
Explicit memory- things you have to recall into your mind; memory of tenth bday party; Implicit–nondeclarative unconious, all memories formed by conditioning are implicit memories, so are all habits or procedural memories
What type of memory goes first with Alzhiemer’s disease
The short term memory; but it eventually progresses into problems with long term memroy
What is node link strength
increase node link strength is a function of exposure, increase exposure and increase node link strength; the increase of nodal links decreases processing time and learning reduced processing time
By what mechanism does Long term potential occur?
Equalt levles of presynaptic stimulation resutl in greater post synaptic potential
What are the four types of sterotypes?
Paternalistic sterotype( pity): low comeptency and hig hwarms( meanign the target social status and is not competivie in the in group; administration( pride) is markeed by high competence and high warm; group is respectd and admired; contemprous sterotype ( disqust); envious sterotype ( envy) high competcne and low warmth; jealously and distrust
Define the following terms: conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and social learning
Symbolic interactionsim is the study of the way people interact through the shared understanding of symbols ( anything which we attach meaning- could be body language or sounds or words); Conflict theory-stressed the competions for resources between different groups of people- scarsity of resources created competion of all forms of resources - groups form success by aquiring and maintaing resources; functionalism- the study of every part of a society and how they all function; manifest function( intended consequences and latent fucntion are those unintended); society is a group of ppl who live in a delineated are a adn who for the most part hare culture
What is the defintion of a society and a social insitution?
Society: a group of people who live in delineated area and who for the most part have a sharec culture; social institution- people that come together for a common purpose; family is an insitution; social institutions are fundamentally embedded in culture and control large patterns of behavior and attitude Religion, the family and education are exampes. A trivis club is likely too emphermal and shalloe in effect to uality
What is symbolic culture? Is language an example of symbolic cutlure
Yes; symbolic culture refers to th symblas and idea that are used by a particular culture
What doe the fertitlity rate have to be for the population to maintain its size
A little over 2 (2.1)
What is the just world hypothesis?
or th just world fallacy is the cognitive bias or assumption that a pers’s actions are inherently inclined t being morally fair and fitting consequences to that perdon, t the end of all noble action being eventually rewared and all evil actions eventually punished
What is the definition of bias? What is the definition of selection bias?
Bias: a prejudice against of in favor of one thing, person or group, usually in a way considered to be unfair ; selection bias selection of individuals in a way in which proper randomization is not achieved
What is weber’s law
Weber’s law implies gradual changes in stimulus may elude detection , as they may fall below the just noticeable difference
What is feature detection
feature detection is mainly a visual skill in humans
What is associative learning? What are examples?
Associative learning takes place when associations are made between stimuli or events that occr together. this includes both classical and operant conditioning
What is the law of effect
responses tht produce a satisfying efect are most likely to coccur gain- volunatryily
What is social control?
social control descrives the way in which society can prevent and sanction beahvior that violates social norms
Medicalization is?
Medicalizaton is the proces by which diseases come to be recongised by society as medical issues
What type of brain waves go with which part of the sleep cycle?
AWAKE but not fully alert-alpha; STAGE 1- theta(LOW AMPLITUDE AND irregular FREQUENCYY); stage two teta, stage 3 slow wae , REM- dreams beta but less regular distribution; fully awake beta
What is the definition of moderating, confounding and mediating variable?
A moderating variable is one that affects the intensity of the relationshp between and independent variable and dependent variable. . A counfounding variabel is one that affects BOTH the independent and deendent variables. A mediating variable is one that provides and explanatory link between the independent and deendent variables
What are different types of reliability? What is validity?
be sure to define the iV and DV; test- test reliability, interrater reliability( assessment carried aout by different researchers shouldget the same results); validity is a measure of how well an experiment measures what it was actually set ot to measure
What is construct validity? What is external Validity?
Construct validity– how well a given assessment actually measures what it calims to measure- whether it has properly been constructed tomeasure the right thing; external validity is the ability for results to be gneralized to the larger population
Since correlation does not imply causation, correlation being shown does or does not warrent changes being made to improve outcomes?
it doesnt
What are the different categories of psychological disorders?
mood disorders (persistent abnomral elevation or lowerng of ones mood, anxiety disorder 9 state of excessivve apprehesnion or worry); trauma and stress related disorder 9 ex. PTSD); Schizophrenis ( a psychotic disorder, somatic disorerd ( bodily symptoms that can cause stress and impairment; dissociative disorder ( the disruption or breakdown of identity, memory, awareness or precepton ) ; personality disorders
If someone is intrinistcally motivated to do something does the behavior need to be rienforced through operant conditioning?
no
What are examples of neurtransmitters?
Glutamate- stimulatory neurotransmitter, GaBA ia stabiliing neurotransmitter and hyperpolarizes cells to reuce action potentials ( alcohol is a beta agonist) ;Glycine is a inhibitiory neurotransmitter found in spinal chord; Dopamine is used in the reqard and motor pathways; Lose of dopaminergic neurons in substania nigra is related to Parkinson’s disease; endorphnd- supress pain and produce euphoria, seotinin regulates moos appetite and sleep and is associated with depressive disorder if levels are low; acetylcholine is involvedi n the PNs with muscle contration
What neurotrasmitter is associated with drug users craving higher quantities o the drug?
serotonin
define: fce validity, and interal validity
face validity is the subjective perception by other experts of whether the test is relevant to its stted goals. Internal validity refers to how well the experment is executed in terms of miniming external biases and allowin legitimate causal conclusons
What is majr depressive diorder?
Major depressive diorder can be diagnosed once a person has a t leaaset ONE major depressive epidose which last a minimum of 2 weeks
What is the cognitive theory of depression/
A cognitive theory must discuss some type of thought process
What is a the conflict theory
the conflict theory states that society is an arena for constant conflict between differen groupd of peopen. Conflict theorits called economic condition “ substructure’ and everthing else “supersturcure’ Marx focused on material gain but other conflist theorist do not necessarily limit themesleves in this way
What are the four orientations of sociology?
Functionalism. conflict threory, rational choice theory, and symbolic interactionism
Who are the following; Raymond cattell, gordon allport. carl rogers and carl jung
Gordon allport- established trait theories describing cardinal, central and secondary traits that contribute to an indivuda personaility; cattel- trait theorist but did not talk about cardinal traits or supernatural, Orgers was hunamistic perosnality thoerist, and jung was a analytical psychologist with minor contributions to personality– he delt with three primary conflicts of personality ( extraversion vs introversion, sensing and intutiong and thinking and feeling
What is sensitization
Sensitization is an increase in the magnitude of a reponse after repeated exposures to the same stimulus. it is one of the two major types of nonassociative learning
What are mirror nerons?
Mirror neurons are in various regions of the parietal and frontal lobes and are hypothesized to be involved in observational learning. They are also thought ot play a role in empathy and the perception of vicarious emotions or emotions that we experience when we percieve others to be feeling them
What is sensitaton and habituation?
Sensitation is the increase in response after repeated exposures to the same stimulus. habituation is the opposite- it is the decrease in physiological or emotional reponse to a stimuli. they are both nonassociative. Associative is when 2 unrelated stimuli become connected
What is extinction?
A conditioned stimuli becoming neutral. a unconditioned stimulus can neve becme a conditioned one and visa vera
What is he best reinforcment schedule for resitance to extinction ?What scheduale is bst for fastest learning?
Variable interval; continuouse reinformment for fastest learning
What is vicarious punishment
subects experience vicarious reward or vicarious punishment as they watch others get rewarded or punished
What . are three catecholamine?
norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. Acetylcholine is not, nor it is a . monamine
are steriod homrmones poplar or non polar
nonpolar but cn cross the membrane
What is the difference between theadrenall medulla an the adrenal cortext
adrenal medulla released coupounds that act as neurtotransmitter and hornome and adrenal cortext releases hormone alone
Define the following; psychoanalytic theory, biological, humanistic and trait theory
humanistic – indiviudals nautrally strive for self actualization or the fullfuilment of ones potential, from maslows hierarchy of need; psychoanalytic approach– unconcious urger than the fulfilmet of potential idm, ego, superego; biologoicl theories; personality is genetic in nature; trait theory- divide personality into a number of taits or persaonlqualtities that may no not be expressed by paricular individuals
What are goldberg’s five dimensions of personality
OCEAN: openness to experience, neuroticism( degree to which one experiences negative emotions like anxiety, depression or anger), Conscientiousness ( a persons level of self discipline and focus on achievement); extraversion ( the degree to which on egnages with people and the external world); and agreeableness( the degrees to which one gets alone with other
What is antisocial personality disorder
They display lack of emotion when exposed to stimuli that would distress most ppl ; tend to have small amydalas
What does mood refer to
a long term state that included emotion and arousal
Which of these action exemplfifies a holistic treatment?
Holistic view focuses on the patient as a whole person instead of treating only certain apspets of his or her condition. this includeds pharmacological treatment but also incorportate the teaching of techniques to deal with prolems in the moment s well as long term terapy for any root cause s
What is a somatic disorder, a conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder
somatic disorders re those that invovle physical symptoms without clear hysicological orginas. Conversion disorder involved neurological symptoms ( blindness is an example) illness anxiety disorder formally known as hypochondriasis involve aniexty and extreme stree centered about fear of aquairing an illnes
What is bipolar disorder 1 and acture stress disorder
Acute stress disordr is a mild form of ptsd disorer; bipolar diorder is manic episodes that cycle with periods of major depression
What is ego-synonice disorder
those that align with a patients celf concep , may feel good when have a disease
Define the following : mirror nerons, spindle neurons, motor neurons and bipolar nerons
Mirror neurons are cells in the brain that fire the same way when a perons performs an action and when they witness an action Spindle neurons are brain cells that facilitate rapid communication, motor neurones are nerve cells that control muscle movement, and bipolar neurons are brain cells that involve sensroy response
What are the stages of observational learning
there are four stages: attention to the behavior, memory of the behavior, ability or capability to behave similary and motivatiion or drive to behave similarly
Define the following: social desirability bias, acquiescence bias, and central tendency bias
central tendency bias: participants may avoid extreme answers and gravitate toward the mean; acquiescece bias: if they know what the researcher is interested in or the aim of the study thsi may infleucne there answers; socia desribaility bias: wanting to portray themselves as being mroe empathetic or less negative or emotional
Define the following: stress-diathesis model, ecological model, developmental model and psychodynamic model
These are models of behavior . stress diathesis model ; explains how underlying stress, when exacerbated bycurrecnt stressors cn lead to distrubed functioning ; development lmodel shows how experiences at an early age can impact a person throughout his life; psychodynamic moedl show how relationship experiences can affect subsequent relationsjhips . Ecological models focus on the contex of the individual ,including interpersonal factors( relationships with other), social/ cultural factors and community levle factors. They can invlude ontological, microsystem and acrosystem
What are the four types of parenting?
Authoritarian is associated with parents being demanding but non resonsice; authroitative is parents being demanding and responsice; permissive parenting; reposponsive but not demanding; and neglectful neither demanding or repsonsive
Define the following: conchrane review, repertory grid test, weber test and power analysis
conchrane review: are systematic review of primary research in human health care and halthe policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence based health care. THey invesigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation; reperatory grid is atest designed to reveal the respondent;s way of constructing the world according to the personal construct theory. Used to understand personality. A weber test has a patient report a sound that ideally should be heard equally on both sides. A power analysis is a statistical calculatio performed before a study to determine the minimum sampe size needed for the study to have enough power
What is antipersonaility disorder
Those wiht this disorder tend to display a disregard for the feelings or rights of others, an impoverished moral sense and aggressive behaior.
What is a kinship
the conceptr of how closely related of that of the family, y marriage, adoption or law ; primary kinship incoled a direct relationshio( brother and sister or father and daugher; secondar between an individual and the primary kin of that persons primary kin ( grandson and grand dather ; third- husbands grandmother; affinal kinship exists without blood relationship and consanguineal kinship is based on blood
What is primary deviance and secondary deviance
Primary is considered acceptable by society and secondary is not considered acceptable
What is the strop effect
e effect is that people, when shown the word for a color which is painted a different color, are quicker to identify the word than its color.
What are the functions of the right and left sides of hte brain
the left side of the brain is associated with logic and analytical thinking, an sthe right field of vision, math science and verbal; the right side is for intutive thought and holistic prerception left vielf of vision and left side motor skills
What is the social cogntive theory
individuals learn by watching others; the term “reinforced” indicates beahvorism
define the following: expectancy effects, self serving bias , actor observer bas and the hawthorne effect
Expectancy effects orrc when particpants bahve in a way that they believe is expected in a study based on the observation of others; self serving bias- attributing successes t othe self and failure to external factors; actor observer bias is the attribution of others actions to internal factos s and ones own to action to external factors, and the hawthroe effect merely describes the idea tht individuals are affected by being observed
What type of mobility is avaiable in a caste system
horizontal mobility
What is a fixed interval , and variable interval and fixed ratio and variabe ratio
Ratio refers to number of tries and interval is after a period of time
What is tertiary deviance and secondary
consequence of a secondary devianse, when a person is labeld as a deviant by society for long tiem he tries to normailse or rationalsie hes behavior by labeling it as non-deviant. it becomes his master status or normal and cnetral part of who he is. A secondary deviance is one that cocurs when a persions self concept and behavior change after his actions are labeld as deviant
Define the following: Social constructionism, symbolic interactionism, functionalism and social exchange-rational choice
symbolic interationism ; is on the microscale and revolved around symbols, gestures, words and other actions that can communicate meaning; social constructionism focuses on social constructs and their value in our daily lives; explict exchange theory involved the evaluation of rewards, punishments or other potential consequences;
what is the definition of a latent function
latent functions are indirect or secondary roles played by an organization of institution
What is hidden curriculum
refers to implicit or unspoken values that are taught in school
What are sects
a group with typicll distnct reglious beliefs . siilar to cults which exist in islation but not necessarily ; a cult denotes a distate or aversion toward a groups on the part of coiety
what is the best characteristic to look when determining a populations risk for various disease
age
Define the following;conflict theory, structural functionalism, symbolic functionalism. and game theory
conflict theory: focuses on the resources that groups in society have as well as material and socila effects of these disparities on thir lived. The social functionalism deals with the ways which something is organized to address social problems, social interactionism deals with how the percieved meanings of objects interact with each other and with larger institutions and gem theory focuses on rational maximizaton of outsomes when making dicsions
what is another term for the ethicl principle of equitable treatment
justice
what is material culture? waht is symbolic culture
buildings can be material culture or other tangible physical objects that are associated with a culture; symbolic culture are all aspects of society’s culture that are not material - language traditions collectve behaviors and so on
what is culture traansmission
when something is pased down from one generation to the next
What is normative organization
a normative organization are voluntarily joined and perform some moral activity
What is grop polarixation
group poarization is the tendency for group discussion to intensify members orginal stances, toward either one extreme or the other ; opinons do not drastically change but become more extreme
What is cultural diffusion
the spread of specific cultural phenomenon from one society to another
What are the three important things to kow about symbolic interactionism
humas are social beings created through interactions with others and symold; humans take an active thinking role in defining their present situations and do not ineract with the environment directyl; humans have agency over their goals but in order to comunicate they must learn the common symbolic language od society
What is medicalization
the preocess by which a social phenomenon is recast as a meical phenomenon
Who are Mead and Goffman
Mead characterized the socially acceptable projection of self as the “ me ‘ and the true unfetteref self ad I. Goffman focuses on interactions using the dramaturgical approach using the metaphor of actors and roles to explain social interaction
What is cnflic theory
concenred with powr class, macrosociciology, humans as ratinally motivated beings and the competiion of recources between the bourgeoisie and proletariat
what does comorbidity mean
co-exist
what type of pshycological disorders are stable over a persons life
personalitiy disorders
What is the false consensus effect
this means peple tend to over estimate how common there behavior is
What is an anomie
a breakdown in social bonds and social norms and recipricity
What is a rapid cycling bipolar diporder
4 manic or more manic or depressive epidoses a year
What is normative conformity
do things out of the desire to be liked or accpeted
Define: abasia, pariedolia, parapraxis, and frotteurism
Abasia: the inability to walk, possibly due to some psychological shock of trauma; parapraxs( a freduian) slip of the tongue or uninteded action which might reveal hidden thought; Frotteuris; interest in rubbing, usaully on’e pelvi area against nonsonsenting person for sexual pleasure. I tmay involve touching any part of the body including the gential area ; pareidolia- causes some people to see or hear a vgueor random image or sound as something significant
Define: mediating factors, casual factos, primary factors and confoundign factors
A mediating factor explains the relationship between one factor and another; a causal factor directly causes an outcome; a primary factor is not an mcat term and a coufounding fator is one that affects both factors i na relationship, potentially obscuing the real relationship or lack thereof
What is meta cognition and affect regulation
Meta cognition is tha ability to think about htinking and affect regulation is the modulation of emotion
Define primary, secondary and tertiary
Primary prevetnion referes to prevention of a disease or problem behavior before any sign, symptom or ris behaviors ; secondary is when there is an established risk facto present or when a disease/ problem behavior has already begun to develop. I nthis case, the target behavior is alcohol use and absue in teeagers and the rish behavior is peer pressure. Tertiary prevention is prevention of a disease r problem behavior from gettign significantly worse
What is the definition of false consciousness and class consciousness
False consciousness refers to internalizing oppressive narrative regarding unjust social structure while class consciouness describes an awareness of how unjust structure are mediated by the socioeconomic factor of class
Whatis strain theory
this theory posits that people are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals throuhg insitutionalized means, they experience strain or fustration that can lead to deviance ; a retreatist is someone who rejects bot hthese goals and socially accepted ways to achieve them and ineffect drop out from society ( drug abusers0; thieves or drug dealerswould be an example of innovators; and those who youuse violence would be considered rebels
Definesterotype threat, stereotpes, and social sanction
Stereotype threat- refers to a specific phenomenon in which priming members of a group to be aware of relevant sterotypes before asking them to erform a task affects their performance Stereotypes describe oversimplified generalized and somewhat widely held beliefs about a group of people, social sanction refers to the positive and negative consequences of confomring with or violating a nrom.
What is the fundamental attribution error and the observer expectancy effect
observer expectancy effect describes how researchers expectation can manifest in subconcious ways that affect subjects behaviors in an experiment ;fundamental attribution error describes the common tendency to overestimate the effect personailiy and underestimate the ffect of circumstances explaining social behavior
What will allow for a behavior to be quickly adpoted and then persist?
Continuous reinforcement allows for the behavior to be quickly adopted then vriable reinforcment allows for the longest delay before extinction
What happens at stage 2 of sleep
theta waves, k complexes- larger amplitures and then sleep spindles ( sporadic clumps of high frequency medium ampliture waves0
