Christine - psych - Flashcards
1
Q
A build up in the pressure of the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye would most likely result in:
A
The aqueous humor is a liquid that bathes the front part of the eye before it draine into the canal of Schlemm. The ciliary muscle, part of the ciliary body is responsible for changing the shape of the lense via parasymphatic movements of the suspecsory ligaments. Accomodation is the name of the process when the shape of the lense is changed……Answer to question: a lack of focused vison due to deformation of the lense.
2
Q
If tones varied in loudness and a subject is just a;ble to percieve the difference between a 42.5 and a 43,5 dzb soub, then what is the minimum volume a tone would need to have tobe just perceptible as louder than a 57.1 db sound?
A
Answer 58.1…… Webers law: the just noticable difference is a function of proportion. That is, is a 10 percent increase is noticable, then any proportional change of less than 10 percent is not noticable. Because dB is a log scale, each 1 db represetns the same proportional change in the sound intensity
3
Q
What is singal detection theory?
A
Signal dection theory accounts for response bias, which is the tendency for people to be influeced by nonsensory information ( experiences, motives, expectation) when habitually responding to stimuli
4
Q
What are parts of the eye where light enters?
A
Cornea( refracts light), sclera( white of eye), choroid( absorbing excess light with pigmented cells)–>anterior chamber ( in front of iris)–> iris( colored part with opeing called the pupil–> posterier chamber –> lens (refracts light more controlled by the ciliary muscle)–> retina( cones and rods)–. biipolar cells–> gangilan cells that make up the optic nerve–> occipital lobe
5
Q
What cells are accociated with the retina? What are parts of the retina?
A
Cells associated–> amacrine and horizontal cells–> recieve input from retinal cells before any information is passed to the ganglion cells , important for edge detection…….Parts of the retina: Cones ( for color; Rods–> there are more of these, they are good for the dark; fovea ( all cones here))
6
Q
What is the pathway of light?
A
Left visual field–> cross to the right side of the eye–> signal from photorecptors on the right side of the eye no matter what eye will go to the right side of the lateral gnicule body in the thalmus, this means that one optic tract crosses ( the nasal tract atand crosses at the optic chasm; the temporal fibers to not cross–> then the signal is passes to the occipital lobe
7
Q
Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located? Where is the medial genicalte nuclus located ?
A
The lateral geniculate nucleus is located in the occipital pathway and the medial geniculate nucleus is located in the auditory pathway.
8
Q
Describe the structure of the ear. What does the frequency of the vibration determine? What does the amplitute of the vibration determine?
A
The Outer Ear: The Pinna or auricle that channels sound through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane ( eardrum); The FREQUENCY determines the rate of vibration and the higher amplitude determines how loud; The MIDDLE ear: three smallest bones: the ossicles–> the malleus, incus, stapes–> they connect to the choclea on the oval window in the The iNNEr eaR: protected by a thick bone called the bony labyrinth. The structures of the middle ear form the membrane labyrith which fills with endolymph ( potassium rich fluiD); there is another fluid around this called the perilymph whic htransmits virations from the stapes and protect the membranous labyrith; The cochela is divided into three setions : organ of corti( the hearing apparatous); hair cells of the organ of corti covert the physicial information into electrical signals which is transfered to the CNS; the vestribular, urile and saccule, are for balance and determine our orientation in space; The semicircular canal senses rotational accelateration; Onces the electrical signal reaches the brainstem it goes to the MGN of the thalmus, then the temporal lobe where the auditory cortex processes infor, the superior olive and inferior colliculus also helps with this
9
Q
What is the Halo effect?
A
Halo effect is a cognitice bias in which judgement of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the indvidual
10
Q
What are hallucinagins?
A
They raise ur heart rate, and dialate ur pupils. They include LSD, peyote, psilocybin, mescaline. They can also distort perception, enhance sensory experience and cause introspecttion
11
Q
What is automatic processing?
A
It allows someone to multitake more effectively by letting them engage in one actin automaticall, ‘without thinking about it” while paying attention to the other action.
12
Q
What is the resource model of attention?
A
The resource model of attention asserts that people can pay attention to mulitpe different stimuli if the brain has enough resources available
13
Q
What is deductive reasoning? What is inductive reasoning?
A
Deductive reasing–> When given general rules and applying those general rules to figure out a particular situation; Inductive reasoning–> taking a number of specific situations ad crafting a general rule
14
Q
What is Dysthmia? What is dissociative disorder? What it antisocial personality disorder?
A
Antisocial personality disorder –>, is a mental condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.; Dysthmia is a form of mild depression and dissociative disorder is when two or more distinct identidies are present
15
Q
What is anterograde amnesia? What is retrograde amnesia?
A
Antergrade–. problem forming new memories; retrograe- inability to recall memories from the past
16
Q
What is the process of storing long term memory?
A
encoding, storage and retrival inculdeds the process of remembering; recieving, processing and combining is the process of storing long term memories
17
Q
What is procedural memory?
A
involves basal ganglia. a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike
18
Q
What psychologist is closely is related with the genetic basis of nerotosism n in terms of personality?
A
Eysenck
19
Q
What is carl rogers associate dith
A
Self acuatualization is the goal of humanistic psychotheapy and is asociated with rodgers
20
Q
What is the public declaration influencing behavior effect?
A
This is a way of explaining behavior that influences attitude. This refers to the effect of makign a public declaration and how this act demonstrates the power that behavior can have over our attitude. Declaring something publically can change a stance on something. For example, politicain declars his opinon against HFCS and continues to make statements again it and developes a stronger and stronger stance agaisnt it
21
Q
What is validity? What is reliability? What is specificity? And what is Sensitivity?
A
Validity is accuracy or the right answer. Reliability is percision or the same answer. Sensitivity is the number of individuals that are correctly identified with having the disease or condition. ( true positive rate). Specificity measures the proportin of negatives that are correctled identided ( those not having_
22
Q
Define the following: Cognitive dissonance, drvie reduction, the opponent- process theory and self determination
A
Congitive dissoance thoery; seeks to explain why justification is such a potent influence on attitudes; ppl seek considtency between attitudes, beliefs and behaviors; Drive reuction: Need –> drive__ action; opponent process theory__> accounds for the destructive motivations beahing drug abuse and addition. a certain drug taken repeativly then the body will attempt to counteract the chemical effect o that drug. For example if a person drinks to much there body increases arousal to counteract depressive effecs. this is why alcohol withdrawal causes jitters and anxiety; self determination: describes three general needs that must be met for a person to have ideal relationships with other ppl his environment and herself( Autonomy, competence, and relatedness( feel accepted by other ppl )
23
Q
Define the following: Drive reductin theory, cognitive theory prejudice discrimination theory and aggregation theory
A
Drive reduction theory: need–> drive–> action, cognitive theory –> rediscrimintion ttheory– aggregation theory__ .
24
Q
What is a secondary drive? What is a primay drive>
A
A secondary drive–> is learned from experience; primary is a bodies need ( hunger)
25
During the traumatic event that leads to PTSD, which of the following hormone levels is very elevated?
cortisol
26
What is major depressive disorder?
a family history can increase the liklihood of major depressive; selectie serotonin reuptake inhibitors are an effective treatment; there can be a dysfunction in monamine activity
27
What is the function of each of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
temporal lobe: hearing, long term memory, verbal and recognition ; occipital lobe: vision ; frontal lobe: descion making and partietal: temperature, touch, taste and movement, draw read and write
28
what is explicit memory? What is implicit memory?
Explicit memory- things you have to recall into your mind; memory of tenth bday party; Implicit--nondeclarative unconious, all memories formed by conditioning are implicit memories, so are all habits or procedural memories
29
What type of memory goes first with Alzhiemer's disease
The short term memory; but it eventually progresses into problems with long term memroy
30
What is node link strength
increase node link strength is a function of exposure, increase exposure and increase node link strength; the increase of nodal links decreases processing time and learning reduced processing time
31
By what mechanism does Long term potential occur?
Equalt levles of presynaptic stimulation resutl in greater post synaptic potential
32
What are the four types of sterotypes?
Paternalistic sterotype( pity): low comeptency and hig hwarms( meanign the target social status and is not competivie in the in group; administration( pride) is markeed by high competence and high warm; group is respectd and admired; contemprous sterotype ( disqust); envious sterotype ( envy) high competcne and low warmth; jealously and distrust
33
Define the following terms: conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and social learning
Symbolic interactionsim is the study of the way people interact through the shared understanding of symbols ( anything which we attach meaning- could be body language or sounds or words); Conflict theory-stressed the competions for resources between different groups of people- scarsity of resources created competion of all forms of resources - groups form success by aquiring and maintaing resources; functionalism- the study of every part of a society and how they all function; manifest function( intended consequences and latent fucntion are those unintended); society is a group of ppl who live in a delineated are a adn who for the most part hare culture
34
What is the defintion of a society and a social insitution?
Society: a group of people who live in delineated area and who for the most part have a sharec culture; social institution- people that come together for a common purpose; family is an insitution; social institutions are fundamentally embedded in culture and control large patterns of behavior and attitude Religion, the family and education are exampes. A trivis club is likely too emphermal and shalloe in effect to uality
35
What is symbolic culture? Is language an example of symbolic cutlure
Yes; symbolic culture refers to th symblas and idea that are used by a particular culture
36
What doe the fertitlity rate have to be for the population to maintain its size
A little over 2 (2.1)
37
What is the just world hypothesis?
or th just world fallacy is the cognitive bias or assumption that a pers's actions are inherently inclined t being morally fair and fitting consequences to that perdon, t the end of all noble action being eventually rewared and all evil actions eventually punished
38
What is the definition of bias? What is the definition of selection bias?
Bias: a prejudice against of in favor of one thing, person or group, usually in a way considered to be unfair ; selection bias selection of individuals in a way in which proper randomization is not achieved
39
What is weber's law
Weber's law implies gradual changes in stimulus may elude detection , as they may fall below the just noticeable difference
40
What is feature detection
feature detection is mainly a visual skill in humans
41
What is associative learning? What are examples?
Associative learning takes place when associations are made between stimuli or events that occr together. this includes both classical and operant conditioning
42
What is the law of effect
responses tht produce a satisfying efect are most likely to coccur gain- volunatryily
43
What is social control?
social control descrives the way in which society can prevent and sanction beahvior that violates social norms
44
Medicalization is?
Medicalizaton is the proces by which diseases come to be recongised by society as medical issues
45
What type of brain waves go with which part of the sleep cycle?
AWAKE but not fully alert-alpha; STAGE 1- theta(LOW AMPLITUDE AND irregular FREQUENCYY); stage two teta, stage 3 slow wae , REM- dreams beta but less regular distribution; fully awake beta
46
What is the definition of moderating, confounding and mediating variable?
A moderating variable is one that affects the intensity of the relationshp between and independent variable and dependent variable. . A counfounding variabel is one that affects BOTH the independent and deendent variables. A mediating variable is one that provides and explanatory link between the independent and deendent variables
47
What are different types of reliability? What is validity?
be sure to define the iV and DV; test- test reliability, interrater reliability( assessment carried aout by different researchers shouldget the same results); validity is a measure of how well an experiment measures what it was actually set ot to measure
48
What is construct validity? What is external Validity?
Construct validity-- how well a given assessment actually measures what it calims to measure- whether it has properly been constructed tomeasure the right thing; external validity is the ability for results to be gneralized to the larger population
49
Since correlation does not imply causation, correlation being shown does or does not warrent changes being made to improve outcomes?
it doesnt
50
What are the different categories of psychological disorders?
mood disorders (persistent abnomral elevation or lowerng of ones mood, anxiety disorder 9 state of excessivve apprehesnion or worry); trauma and stress related disorder 9 ex. PTSD); Schizophrenis ( a psychotic disorder, somatic disorerd ( bodily symptoms that can cause stress and impairment; dissociative disorder ( the disruption or breakdown of identity, memory, awareness or precepton ) ; personality disorders
51
If someone is intrinistcally motivated to do something does the behavior need to be rienforced through operant conditioning?
no
52
What are examples of neurtransmitters?
Glutamate- stimulatory neurotransmitter, GaBA ia stabiliing neurotransmitter and hyperpolarizes cells to reuce action potentials ( alcohol is a beta agonist) ;Glycine is a inhibitiory neurotransmitter found in spinal chord; Dopamine is used in the reqard and motor pathways; Lose of dopaminergic neurons in substania nigra is related to Parkinson's disease; endorphnd- supress pain and produce euphoria, seotinin regulates moos appetite and sleep and is associated with depressive disorder if levels are low; acetylcholine is involvedi n the PNs with muscle contration
53
What neurotrasmitter is associated with drug users craving higher quantities o the drug?
serotonin
54
define: fce validity, and interal validity
face validity is the subjective perception by other experts of whether the test is relevant to its stted goals. Internal validity refers to how well the experment is executed in terms of miniming external biases and allowin legitimate causal conclusons
55
What is majr depressive diorder?
Major depressive diorder can be diagnosed once a person has a t leaaset ONE major depressive epidose which last a minimum of 2 weeks
56
What is the cognitive theory of depression/
A cognitive theory must discuss some type of thought process
57
What is a the conflict theory
the conflict theory states that society is an arena for constant conflict between differen groupd of peopen. Conflict theorits called economic condition " substructure' and everthing else "supersturcure' Marx focused on material gain but other conflist theorist do not necessarily limit themesleves in this way
58
What are the four orientations of sociology?
Functionalism. conflict threory, rational choice theory, and symbolic interactionism
59
Who are the following; Raymond cattell, gordon allport. carl rogers and carl jung
Gordon allport- established trait theories describing cardinal, central and secondary traits that contribute to an indivuda personaility; cattel- trait theorist but did not talk about cardinal traits or supernatural, Orgers was hunamistic perosnality thoerist, and jung was a analytical psychologist with minor contributions to personality-- he delt with three primary conflicts of personality ( extraversion vs introversion, sensing and intutiong and thinking and feeling
60
What is sensitization
Sensitization is an increase in the magnitude of a reponse after repeated exposures to the same stimulus. it is one of the two major types of nonassociative learning
61
What are mirror nerons?
Mirror neurons are in various regions of the parietal and frontal lobes and are hypothesized to be involved in observational learning. They are also thought ot play a role in empathy and the perception of vicarious emotions or emotions that we experience when we percieve others to be feeling them
62
What is sensitaton and habituation?
Sensitation is the increase in response after repeated exposures to the same stimulus. habituation is the opposite- it is the decrease in physiological or emotional reponse to a stimuli. they are both nonassociative. Associative is when 2 unrelated stimuli become connected
63
What is extinction?
A conditioned stimuli becoming neutral. a unconditioned stimulus can neve becme a conditioned one and visa vera
64
What is he best reinforcment schedule for resitance to extinction ?What scheduale is bst for fastest learning?
Variable interval; continuouse reinformment for fastest learning
65
What is vicarious punishment
subects experience vicarious reward or vicarious punishment as they watch others get rewarded or punished
66
What . are three catecholamine?
norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. Acetylcholine is not, nor it is a . monamine
67
are steriod homrmones poplar or non polar
nonpolar but cn cross the membrane
68
What is the difference between theadrenall medulla an the adrenal cortext
adrenal medulla released coupounds that act as neurtotransmitter and hornome and adrenal cortext releases hormone alone
69
Define the following; psychoanalytic theory, biological, humanistic and trait theory
humanistic -- indiviudals nautrally strive for self actualization or the fullfuilment of ones potential, from maslows hierarchy of need; psychoanalytic approach-- unconcious urger than the fulfilmet of potential idm, ego, superego; biologoicl theories; personality is genetic in nature; trait theory- divide personality into a number of taits or persaonlqualtities that may no not be expressed by paricular individuals
70
What are goldberg's five dimensions of personality
OCEAN: openness to experience, neuroticism( degree to which one experiences negative emotions like anxiety, depression or anger), Conscientiousness ( a persons level of self discipline and focus on achievement); extraversion ( the degree to which on egnages with people and the external world); and agreeableness( the degrees to which one gets alone with other
71
What is antisocial personality disorder
They display lack of emotion when exposed to stimuli that would distress most ppl ; tend to have small amydalas
72
What does mood refer to
a long term state that included emotion and arousal
73
Which of these action exemplfifies a holistic treatment?
Holistic view focuses on the patient as a whole person instead of treating only certain apspets of his or her condition. this includeds pharmacological treatment but also incorportate the teaching of techniques to deal with prolems in the moment s well as long term terapy for any root cause s
74
What is a somatic disorder, a conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder
somatic disorders re those that invovle physical symptoms without clear hysicological orginas. Conversion disorder involved neurological symptoms ( blindness is an example) illness anxiety disorder formally known as hypochondriasis involve aniexty and extreme stree centered about fear of aquairing an illnes
75
What is bipolar disorder 1 and acture stress disorder
Acute stress disordr is a mild form of ptsd disorer; bipolar diorder is manic episodes that cycle with periods of major depression
76
What is ego-synonice disorder
those that align with a patients celf concep , may feel good when have a disease
77
Define the following : mirror nerons, spindle neurons, motor neurons and bipolar nerons
Mirror neurons are cells in the brain that fire the same way when a perons performs an action and when they witness an action Spindle neurons are brain cells that facilitate rapid communication, motor neurones are nerve cells that control muscle movement, and bipolar neurons are brain cells that involve sensroy response
78
What are the stages of observational learning
there are four stages: attention to the behavior, memory of the behavior, ability or capability to behave similary and motivatiion or drive to behave similarly
79
Define the following: social desirability bias, acquiescence bias, and central tendency bias
central tendency bias: participants may avoid extreme answers and gravitate toward the mean; acquiescece bias: if they know what the researcher is interested in or the aim of the study thsi may infleucne there answers; socia desribaility bias: wanting to portray themselves as being mroe empathetic or less negative or emotional
80
Define the following: stress-diathesis model, ecological model, developmental model and psychodynamic model
These are models of behavior . stress diathesis model ; explains how underlying stress, when exacerbated bycurrecnt stressors cn lead to distrubed functioning ; development lmodel shows how experiences at an early age can impact a person throughout his life; psychodynamic moedl show how relationship experiences can affect subsequent relationsjhips . Ecological models focus on the contex of the individual ,including interpersonal factors( relationships with other), social/ cultural factors and community levle factors. They can invlude ontological, microsystem and acrosystem
81
What are the four types of parenting?
Authoritarian is associated with parents being demanding but non resonsice; authroitative is parents being demanding and responsice; permissive parenting; reposponsive but not demanding; and neglectful neither demanding or repsonsive
82
Define the following: conchrane review, repertory grid test, weber test and power analysis
conchrane review: are systematic review of primary research in human health care and halthe policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence based health care. THey invesigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation; reperatory grid is atest designed to reveal the respondent;s way of constructing the world according to the personal construct theory. Used to understand personality. A weber test has a patient report a sound that ideally should be heard equally on both sides. A power analysis is a statistical calculatio performed before a study to determine the minimum sampe size needed for the study to have enough power
83
What is antipersonaility disorder
Those wiht this disorder tend to display a disregard for the feelings or rights of others, an impoverished moral sense and aggressive behaior.
84
What is a kinship
the conceptr of how closely related of that of the family, y marriage, adoption or law ; primary kinship incoled a direct relationshio( brother and sister or father and daugher; secondar between an individual and the primary kin of that persons primary kin ( grandson and grand dather ; third- husbands grandmother; affinal kinship exists without blood relationship and consanguineal kinship is based on blood
85
What is primary deviance and secondary deviance
Primary is considered acceptable by society and secondary is not considered acceptable
86
What is the strop effect
e effect is that people, when shown the word for a color which is painted a different color, are quicker to identify the word than its color.
87
What are the functions of the right and left sides of hte brain
the left side of the brain is associated with logic and analytical thinking, an sthe right field of vision, math science and verbal; the right side is for intutive thought and holistic prerception left vielf of vision and left side motor skills
88
What is the social cogntive theory
individuals learn by watching others; the term "reinforced" indicates beahvorism
89
define the following: expectancy effects, self serving bias , actor observer bas and the hawthorne effect
Expectancy effects orrc when particpants bahve in a way that they believe is expected in a study based on the observation of others; self serving bias- attributing successes t othe self and failure to external factors; actor observer bias is the attribution of others actions to internal factos s and ones own to action to external factors, and the hawthroe effect merely describes the idea tht individuals are affected by being observed
90
What type of mobility is avaiable in a caste system
horizontal mobility
91
What is a fixed interval , and variable interval and fixed ratio and variabe ratio
Ratio refers to number of tries and interval is after a period of time
92
What is tertiary deviance and secondary
consequence of a secondary devianse, when a person is labeld as a deviant by society for long tiem he tries to normailse or rationalsie hes behavior by labeling it as non-deviant. it becomes his master status or normal and cnetral part of who he is. A secondary deviance is one that cocurs when a persions self concept and behavior change after his actions are labeld as deviant
93
Define the following: Social constructionism, symbolic interactionism, functionalism and social exchange-rational choice
symbolic interationism ; is on the microscale and revolved around symbols, gestures, words and other actions that can communicate meaning; social constructionism focuses on social constructs and their value in our daily lives; explict exchange theory involved the evaluation of rewards, punishments or other potential consequences;
94
what is the definition of a latent function
latent functions are indirect or secondary roles played by an organization of institution
95
What is hidden curriculum
refers to implicit or unspoken values that are taught in school
96
What are sects
a group with typicll distnct reglious beliefs . siilar to cults which exist in islation but not necessarily ; a cult denotes a distate or aversion toward a groups on the part of coiety
97
what is the best characteristic to look when determining a populations risk for various disease
age
98
Define the following;conflict theory, structural functionalism, symbolic functionalism. and game theory
conflict theory: focuses on the resources that groups in society have as well as material and socila effects of these disparities on thir lived. The social functionalism deals with the ways which something is organized to address social problems, social interactionism deals with how the percieved meanings of objects interact with each other and with larger institutions and gem theory focuses on rational maximizaton of outsomes when making dicsions
99
what is another term for the ethicl principle of equitable treatment
justice
100
what is material culture? waht is symbolic culture
buildings can be material culture or other tangible physical objects that are associated with a culture; symbolic culture are all aspects of society's culture that are not material - language traditions collectve behaviors and so on
101
what is culture traansmission
when something is pased down from one generation to the next
102
What is normative organization
a normative organization are voluntarily joined and perform some moral activity
103
What is grop polarixation
group poarization is the tendency for group discussion to intensify members orginal stances, toward either one extreme or the other ; opinons do not drastically change but become more extreme
104
What is cultural diffusion
the spread of specific cultural phenomenon from one society to another
105
What are the three important things to kow about symbolic interactionism
humas are social beings created through interactions with others and symold; humans take an active thinking role in defining their present situations and do not ineract with the environment directyl; humans have agency over their goals but in order to comunicate they must learn the common symbolic language od society
106
What is medicalization
the preocess by which a social phenomenon is recast as a meical phenomenon
107
Who are Mead and Goffman
Mead characterized the socially acceptable projection of self as the " me ' and the true unfetteref self ad I. Goffman focuses on interactions using the dramaturgical approach using the metaphor of actors and roles to explain social interaction
108
What is cnflic theory
concenred with powr class, macrosociciology, humans as ratinally motivated beings and the competiion of recources between the bourgeoisie and proletariat
109
what does comorbidity mean
co-exist
110
what type of pshycological disorders are stable over a persons life
personalitiy disorders
111
What is the false consensus effect
this means peple tend to over estimate how common there behavior is
112
What is an anomie
a breakdown in social bonds and social norms and recipricity
113
What is a rapid cycling bipolar diporder
4 manic or more manic or depressive epidoses a year
114
What is normative conformity
do things out of the desire to be liked or accpeted
115
Define: abasia, pariedolia, parapraxis, and frotteurism
Abasia: the inability to walk, possibly due to some psychological shock of trauma; parapraxs( a freduian) slip of the tongue or uninteded action which might reveal hidden thought; Frotteuris; interest in rubbing, usaully on'e pelvi area against nonsonsenting person for sexual pleasure. I tmay involve touching any part of the body including the gential area ; pareidolia- causes some people to see or hear a vgueor random image or sound as something significant
116
Define: mediating factors, casual factos, primary factors and confoundign factors
A mediating factor explains the relationship between one factor and another; a causal factor directly causes an outcome; a primary factor is not an mcat term and a coufounding fator is one that affects both factors i na relationship, potentially obscuing the real relationship or lack thereof
117
What is meta cognition and affect regulation
Meta cognition is tha ability to think about htinking and affect regulation is the modulation of emotion
118
Define primary, secondary and tertiary
Primary prevetnion referes to prevention of a disease or problem behavior before any sign, symptom or ris behaviors ; secondary is when there is an established risk facto present or when a disease/ problem behavior has already begun to develop. I nthis case, the target behavior is alcohol use and absue in teeagers and the rish behavior is peer pressure. Tertiary prevention is prevention of a disease r problem behavior from gettign significantly worse
119
What is the definition of false consciousness and class consciousness
False consciousness refers to internalizing oppressive narrative regarding unjust social structure while class consciouness describes an awareness of how unjust structure are mediated by the socioeconomic factor of class
120
Whatis strain theory
this theory posits that people are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals throuhg insitutionalized means, they experience strain or fustration that can lead to deviance ; a retreatist is someone who rejects bot hthese goals and socially accepted ways to achieve them and ineffect drop out from society ( drug abusers0; thieves or drug dealerswould be an example of innovators; and those who youuse violence would be considered rebels
121
Definesterotype threat, stereotpes, and social sanction
Stereotype threat- refers to a specific phenomenon in which priming members of a group to be aware of relevant sterotypes before asking them to erform a task affects their performance Stereotypes describe oversimplified generalized and somewhat widely held beliefs about a group of people, social sanction refers to the positive and negative consequences of confomring with or violating a nrom.
122
What is the fundamental attribution error and the observer expectancy effect
observer expectancy effect describes how researchers expectation can manifest in subconcious ways that affect subjects behaviors in an experiment ;fundamental attribution error describes the common tendency to overestimate the effect personailiy and underestimate the ffect of circumstances explaining social behavior
123
What will allow for a behavior to be quickly adpoted and then persist?
Continuous reinforcement allows for the behavior to be quickly adopted then vriable reinforcment allows for the longest delay before extinction
124
What happens at stage 2 of sleep
theta waves, k complexes- larger amplitures and then sleep spindles ( sporadic clumps of high frequency medium ampliture waves0
125
What does EOG stand for
Electroculograms - measure eye movement. rapid eye movement is most classcial
126
What is a mediating, moderating and mediator variable
a mediating variable explains the relationship between two other variables. Example insurance coverage connects patinet race and physician perscriptions. The moderrator variable is one that influences the strenght of a reltionship between two other variables. And a mediator varibale is one that explains the relationshop between the two other variables . Examples for moderating variable is age. A confounding variable is one that is an extraneous variable related to BOTH the dependent and independent variables
127
What is cognitive theory?Waht is arousal theory
explains behavior through one's thought process; arousal theory says that people behave or act in certain ways to maintain a level of optimal arousal; the yerks dodson law states that performance of a behavior tends to be negatively ipactd at a high and low levels of arousal; more physical hav higher levels of arousal
128
What does hypothalmus do
hormone regulation
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What is social constructionsism
Social constructionism asserts that people develop understandins and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people; socially constructed ; its based on interactions of people
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What are the gestalt principled to know for the mcat
proximity, similarity and closure; proximity: objects that are arranged close to eac htoher will be percieved as forming a group; similarity states that objects that are similar to each other in terms of color or other properties will be grouped togeth and the priniciple of closure states that people ten dto infer complete shapes even if the shaped is incompletly
131
Define the following: reconstructive bias, soial desirability bias, attrition bias and selection bias
Attrition bias- occurs when participants drop ut of a long term experiment or study;reconstructive bias- related to memory- sugggest that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are rememebering times of high stress; social desirability bias- a type of biar related to how people respond to research question; and selection bias refers to the type of bias related to ho people are chosen to participate.
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What is conformity
Social conformiy or just conformity is the tendency for individuals to add behaviors, attitudes and values of other memebers of a reference group. the degree of ones conformity can be thought of an idication of how "normal' they act, but more accurate statment is that confomrity indicated the degree to which an inidividuals behavior correpsonds to expeced social norms rules and customs. Responses to conformity include internalization and identification
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What are the core elements of emotion
physicological arousal,, expressive displays and subjective experiences
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What is the schachter- singer theory of emotion
emotion processing has three distince steps physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation of the situation than the emotion
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What is the stoop effect
The stroop effect describes the phenomenom in whihc it is harder for an indiviudal to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar piecesofinfomration. It is harder to name the color the word is written in then to say the color
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What type of operant learning is best for the resistance to behavior extinction
variable ratio
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What is symbolic interactionism
The view that an indicusl's experiences influence his or her perceptions. Focuses on the symbolic meaning that people develope and relay upton the process of social interaction examples smoking. Conflict theoy emphasises the role f coersion and power in producing social order . Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that carry out a specific role that enables them to sooperate to mantan social equilibrium for the whole socitys
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What dodemogrpahics do
quantify subsets of a population
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What is sterotyping
It is a cognitive action NOT a behavior
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What is minority influence
While individuals tend to follow majority view, minority groups are able t oinfluence others through a process called minority influence
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What i peer pressure
Peer pressure is seen when social equals, or peers exer influence that causes someone to change his or her attitudes , behaviors or values.
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What is the definiion of an in group
An incrgoup conist of those who share one or more of a persons identities ; not normally competivie
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What is group polarization
The tendency of groups to hold viewpoints that are more extreme than those of indiviudal members
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What is bystander apathy
Bystander effect is also known as bystander apathy, is the tendency of peopl eto avoid helping those in distress when other indiviudals are present
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What is group polarizatiojn
The tedency for group discussions to intensify members orignal stances towards eith extreme or the other ; opinions do not change but become drastically more extreme
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What are agents of political socialization? What is political socialzation
Poltiical socialization is the study of the wyas that individuals acquire their political cognitions, attitudes and behaviors. SES is not a socialization factor, it is the environment created by specific groups withinan indiviudlas status that act as agent for mpoltical agent
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What is a normative organization, a utiliarian and coercive organization?
One that is joined voluntarily is a normative, a utilitarian is one in which workers are compensated and one joined involuntariyl is a coercise one
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What is the attachment theory
The attachment theory describes a series of steps that infants will progress through as they grow. During the first three months of life, an infant will indiscriinately attach to any person and will respondequally to any caregiver. Around 4-6 months babies will begin to recongise certin caregivers but will still accept care from anyone. From 6-9 a baby will exhibit a strong attachement preference for a single caregiver althought the pattern of that attachment will vary based on the relationship.Aftaer 9 the child slwly develops increasing independence and will slowly form multiple attachments
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Wha is the differential association
it states that crmnal technques attitudes and motives are learnedthrough social interactions such as thoes experienced in prison
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What is parallele play
Parrallel play is a norma part of the behavior of preschool schildren in which they will play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavor in reponse.
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What are the four age ranged of jean piagets cognitive development
sensorimotor stag(0-2), preoperatonal (2-7) conrete operational )7-11) ad fomral operational (12 plus0
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What is associated with conflict theory
conflict theory asserts that bias and inequalty are underlying aspects of education
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What is the defintion of Mores and folkways?
Mores are informal norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfrae of a society and have consequences if violated. Folkways are norms that govenr everyday behavior( holding a door) ; taboo( considered inacceptable by almost everyculture0
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What does a higher median age indicate about morality rate
Tha people are dying because of age relate cause
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What parts of the psychological apparatus frued designed is part of the uncscious?
All of them have some unconsious; the ego and superego also have conscious and preconsious
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What is the difference between internal validity and content validity
internal validity effects the degreee to which causal concludions can be drawn including accoundting for potential confoudnding variables; and content validity refers to wheteher a study comprehensively accounds for all the revleant facets of a heomenon - how well it can masure what it says its measuring... internal validity has to do with how well construcsted ( safegard against confounding varibles, large ranoms samples, reliable processes and intruments)
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What is primary agining
aginging related to biological factors and physical body, like molecular changed; secondary aging is related to factors like diet and exercise
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What is the house money effect and the gambler's fallacy
A house money effect: after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one's own. the gamblers fallacy is the mistaken belief that if something happens more freuently than normal during some perod, it will happen less frequently in the future or vice versa
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What is maginalization? What is inegration
the rejection of both ones past culture and the culture being assimilated into; integration is when one identifies with both cultures
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What do you need for a ratio
a range of quantative values
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What is acculturation
This refers to developing the ability to interact with a dominant culture while internally preserving the facets of ones own culture
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What is reciprocal determinism
The theory set forth by Albert bandura that a persons behavior both influences and is influenced by persona lfactors and the environment
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What are the characteristics of an bureacracy
hierarchiacal strucure, maaged via a set of defiend specific rules and regulations; it is organised but functional specialtywit hdifferent workers performing different specialized task; it has a unified mission that is either up-focused that is to serve sharehodlers or a board or soem other entity that empowers it or it is "in focued' that is to serve itself thought maximizing profit; it is purposelyl impersonal and employment is based on techinical qualification either advanced degree or training
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What is the cognitive behavioral theory
understand the thoughts and feelings that influence bahviors
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What is a proactive movement
a proactive movement is meant ot nact change or make progress. it is different from a rereactive movmement which reisist social change
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whic of the following is not .a commonly recongized racia lcategory i nthe uited stes
hispanic/latino
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What is synaptic pruning
Synaptic pruning is the proces of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in humans . Ineffectice or reduncdant pathways get eliminated and usefulones remain
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What are neural networks
neural networks are communication networks between regions of the brain, which allows for infomration process
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Can data alone reveal a casual relationshp
no
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What is antreograde memory
the ability to rememebr new things
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What is retrograde memory
The ability to rememebr things from the past
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What is retroactive interference?
When old info meeses with forming new memories
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What is constancy
constancy refers to a specific feature of a visual stimulus, but does not describe th mechanism used to differenitate that stimulus from another
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What is signal detectin thoery
The process by which signal is detected from noise
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What is drive reducation theory
the drive reducation theory describes the innate drives for food, water and sex as individual's primary needs
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What is medicalization
medicalization describes the process in which a condition that was previously considered normal and is not inherently biological or medical come to be considered under the purview of medicine
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What is weber's law
Webers law explains tht the minimum increment necessary to percieve a differenc is a multiple of the base value by some constant
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What is the definition of extinction and habituation
extinction is the disappearance of a behavior that was previously reinforced when it is not longer reinforced. Habituation is the reduction of complete cessation of a resonse to a stimulus as a result fo epeated exposure o the stimulus
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What is merkel;s discs
Merkel's discs sense deep pressure and texture
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What do free nerve endings respond to
Mainly pain and temperature
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Where is the sense of smell processed
In the limbic system
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What senses does the thalamus process
All but smell
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What is a vestibular nerve
Any auditory nerve
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What is the function of the inferior colliculus and the superior olive
The inferior colliculus allowsyou to fixate on a point when rolling your head and the superior olive is for the localization of sounds
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What are aerosolized compounds
They are compounds detected by the olfctory receptors in the nose and are interpreted as smells. Tastebuds detect dissolved molecules that come in contact with the tongue
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What s the meissner's corpuscles
The meissner's corpuscles transmit sensory impulses associated with light tough. A disorder of these nerves could result in either hyper or hyposensitivity to this form of stimulus.
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What does somatosenstation refer to
Somatosensaton is a generalized term for any sensation involving touch. The proprioceptrion is the ability to orient ourselves and locate our own body in space
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What is the difference between subjective personaility assessmen and objective personality assessme
Objectivit personality assesssment measures specific personality characteristics based on a set of discrete options an subjassessment patient projects their own subjective feelings perceptions and thoughtsonto the assessment stimuli
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What is retinal disparity
Retinal disparity is the concept that since humans have two eyes we percieve images from two slightly different angle, this helps us determine depth
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What is the gestalk principle of closure
It states that when a space enclosed by an incomplete contour line it will generally be preceived as a closed figure.
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What are binocular cues
Clues that require both eyes; these include convergence or tht way the eye musce coordinate to view images at different distances
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what is mutlistability
Multistability is when an image can be percieved two or more ways and our perception of that image can alternate between those nterprectation. Reifaction is when we perceive more information thaat is actually there .Invariance says that a drawing of an object can be percieved as the same object even if it has been rotated or changed in size
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What is more senstive rod or cods
Rods are more sensitive in low light
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What is webers just noticable difference
The change in intensity is proportional to the orignal size of the stimulus
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What a re bipolar and unipolar cells
Bipolar cells function in smell, taste, sight, hearing and vestibular function
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What is emotion
Emotion refers to a person's instincitve, current state of mins, based upon mood , circumstances and interactions with others. Emothing oftern influences problem solcuing decision making and social interation, the threee components of eotion are behavioral( action) which includes body language and facial expression, cognitive ( mind) or the brain;s's subjective interpretation of the feeling and the physiological (body)which includes changes in heart rate, respiratin and so on often stemming from arousial of the sympathetic nervous system
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What is fear associated with
Amygdala ( a limbic system structure) found in the temporal lobes of the brain
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What is the difference betwen me and I
Me is the social self and I is one's response to Me.
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What isthe looking glass self
The looking glass self says that a person's self grows out of society's nterpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others
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What is groupthink
When a groups of peopel has such a strong desire for harmony and individual comfority that the group makes irrational descisions. Factos of grou tink include the illusion of invulnerability self censorship and sterotyping
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What is construct validitiy and ecological validity
Ecological validity refers to the ways that experiments applies to the environment and construct validity refers t othe way the meaasures are constructed
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What is the convergence theory
The convergence theory has its roots in functionalist perspective whih assumes that socities have certain requirements that must be met if they are able to survive and operate effectively
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What is the differential association theoretical perspective
Individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it, while individuals who don't commit crimes have not been exposed to this type of behvaior
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What is identity moratorium
this describes a peron who is in the midst of an identity crisis , considering changing their identity and seeking identities
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What is the French and Raven's bases of power model
Referent power exerts control by appealing to indiviudal desires through external factors such as appearing desirable or feeling included and not knowlesge or logci or evidence
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What is confabulation
making up memories to fill the gap
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What is internal validitiy, externalalidity and construct validity
Internal validity is when an experiment is constructed well- large random samples,safegaurds against confounding variables , reasonable and reliable processes and instruments. External validity can assess whether the experiment has external validity ust tightly control and situational variables in the exectution of a study. Construst validity refers to how an expermentactually measures what it claims to measure
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What are explicit attitudes
Conscious attidtudes and implicity attitudes are unconsious
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What is social interactionism
Social interactionism relies on meaning language and thought. Meaning states human act toward people and things according to the meanins that give thos people or things. Laguage gives humans a means by which to negogiate meaning through symbols. Thought modifies each individuals interpretaon of symbols
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What is exchange rational theory
Exchange rational theory posits that patterns of behaviors in societies reflec the choices made by individuals as they try to maximize their benefits and minimize their cost
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What is role conflict
Role conflict refers to a difficult in fulfilling multiple expectations within two or more statuses
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What it the social cognitive theory
the environmen t, behavior and congitive function play an important role in knowledge and learning new skills
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What is massey and denton's concentration index
massey and denton's concentration index denotes the proportion of physical space that a minority group occupies within a city
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What do you need to determine the approximate magniture of ts fertility rate
this can not be done simply from econoic success of a countr, we need at least some population of data
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What is true of individuals with a low socioeconomic class
Individuals in lower socioeconomic classes possess less social capital. Social capital is networking power. This is true because these ppl tend to ewithin large oftern family or location based personal network
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What is cultural capital
cultural capital includes personl qualities or assessts that enhace the social mobility of the individuals in their possession. Education, pubic speaking ability, attractiveness style of dress and sense of humor; cultural capital is the social aspects of a person
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What is spatial inequality
Spatial inequality refers ot the uneven distribution of resources between partiular areas.
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Wht is the definition of intragenerational mobility
Intrgenerational mobility refers to the change in an individual's social class that occurs during his or her lifetime
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What is a plutocracy and an oligarchy
A plutocracy is a nation that is controlled by the rick or "upper clas" members. An oligarchy is a society that is ruled by a ver small handful of individuls
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What does a mediatign variable toand a moderating variable
A moderatign variable affects the strength of a relationship and a mediating variable explaisn the relationship between independent and dependent
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what is an ecological study
An ecological study is an observational study defined by the level at which data are analysed namely at the population or group level, rather than individual level; it is used to measure the prevalenceand incidudence of disease particualry when diseae is rare
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What is the dependency theory
It states that peripheral countries are poor and are positioned in th economy exporting commodities to core countries. They will ot further from their economoic posiiton
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What is learned helplessness
Learned helplessness occurs when an individual giver up and stops trying to avoid an aversive consequenceit is postively cowith an external loccus of control
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According to Mead, what is "I"
Mead constructed the theory of the social self. The I is a person's creative independent reponse to social sitindpendent response to social situation. The actions of I are limited by the ideas of socially proper behavior that have been internaized by the me
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What are flashbulb memories
Subjectively vivid compelling memories of details associated with receptions of news about emotionally arousing events are refered to as flashbulb memories
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What is social captial
Social capital refers t othe benefits provided by social networkds
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What are the main componenets of SES
occupation, income and education
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What is dichotic listening
dichotic listening taks involve presentign two different auditory messages one to each ear
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What does an eeg measure
electrical activity of the brain
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What is self verification
Self verification refers to the tendency to seek out information that is consistent with ones self concept
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What does serotnin regulate
mood and appetite
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What does agreeableness mean
Peopel who tend to be kind warm nd considerare
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What is a secondary grou
interactions are superfically and relationships tend not to last long
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What is kin selection
kin selection is a concept from evolutionary psychology and sociaology in which people wll help their relative even when it is costly to them
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Who was max weber
Max weber developed theories of symbolic interactionism which emphasized how individuals relate to society and one of his ideas was the concept of the iron cage. He believed tha thne experience of the iron cge ledto disenchantment with society
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What can change with hormone replacement
change in body fat, brast and nipple growth and fertility. The bone structure would not change if after puberty
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What is behavioralist theory and symbolic interactionism
Symolic interaction theory states that peoplle act based on the meanign of cultural symbols that are derived from social interaction. for examples the identity of an "american doctor" has certain cultural ymbols and norms attached to it. Behavoism or the behavorist theory is related to the theories of B.FSkinner ans the scool of psychological research that focus on inidvudal behavior alone ignoring mental states such as belief and identities. Conflict theory instead emphasized the role of coercion nd power in producing social order. Functionalism views society as a system in interconneced parts that caryy out a specifc role that enables them to cooperate to maintain social equilirium for society as a whole
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What is cultural assimilation
cultural assimilation is the process by which a particular group's culture beginds to resemble that of another. There are four factos that measure completeness of assimilation: geograpic distribution, intermarriage, language acquiiiio nand socioeconomic status
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what is acculturation
Acculturation refers t odeveloping the ablity to interact within a dominant culture whle interally preserving facets of own culture origin
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What are self deating behaviors
self defeating behaviors are something people engage in when they percieve a threwat of when they have low self esteen. They ae more suceptible to having anxiety and emotional distress which are problems related to less favorable self appraisal. Indiviudas enage in tese behaviors for a immediate releif from anxiety whic hthen reinforced that behavior
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What is general paresis and delirium tremens
General paresis is a neorpsychoatric disorder affectign the brain caused by late stage syphillis, and delirium tremens ia an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol
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What is availability heuristic
Avialability heuristics are when individuals pay attention to more extreem cases which they then use to generalize events as occuring at greater raes than they actually are
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What is an independent t test and paired sample t test used for
An independent sampel t- test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups. The paird sampels t test are used when the results come fro mthe same participants . Linear regression is used to predict scored from independent variables and a pearson correlation coefficient is calculated to compare the associatin between two variables
244
What is Vygotsky's social learning theory and what is chomsky's language acquisition theory
This theory heavily stresses the role of peopel and interactions in language aquisition which would involve mirror neuorns, and chomsky's language acquisition theory stats that indiviudlas have an innate language aquisition device
245
What are the notable characteristics in eahc stage of sleep?
Light sleep occurs in stage 1 where one drifts in and out of sleep and is easily awakened. THe eyes move slowly and muascle activity slows. In stage 2 eye movement stops and rain waves becoem slower with the occasional burst of rapid brain waved called sleep spindles. During stage 3 this is slow wave sleepand delt waves occr( high amplitude and low frequency)> In stage 4 digestion and heart rate slow and growth hormone are released. and this is hwere bed wetting and sleep walkng can occur. In REM brainwaves heartrate and repiration rate are similar to when a person is awake. THis is when a person dreams
246
What are autonomous stressors and what are subordinate stressors
Autonomous stressors are traumatic events which the individual has no control over and subordinate stressors are those that indviduals can infuence
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What is anchoring
Anchoring is the act of relying too much on the first information encountered
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What is affect heuristic
Affect heuristic is the process of making . judgement based on emotions that are evoked
249
What are the parts of signal detection theory
HIT, MISS, false alarm, and correction rejection
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What does context effect in psychology refer to
Context effect refers to increased recall when the subject is in a similar environment as the one in which the oringal learning took place
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What is the social congitive perspective
Explains bahviors of the subjects in terms of the expectations of others
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what is a stimulus motive
a stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but caused an increase in stimulatin such as curisity
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Which way does the brain develop
from inside outward
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What is the limbic system involed int
the limbic systm is not involved in executive processes it is invoved in emotion . And its structures include the thalmus, cingulate gyrys, amygdala hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus
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Intersectionality
Intersectinality is concerned with the intersection of different identities and how this unqiue combintaion influences people
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what is culure diffusion and what is culture assimilation
culture diffusion is the spread of specific cultural phenomenon from one society to another and culture assimilation is the process by which one culture resembles another
257
What is commensalism
Commensalism is a benefit to one organism and neither a benefit nor hamr to another
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What is operant conditioning
Operant conditioing is a form of learnign in which the indivdual learns based on the outcomes or responses to behaviors
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What is cultural lag
Culture lag is the tendency of material culture to evolve faster than symbolic culture
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What are the three parts of social interactionism one shoud know for tst day
humans are social being created through interaction with others and syymbols. 2-humans take an active thinking role in defining their present situations and od not interact with the environment directly 3- humans have agency over their goals but in order to communicate they must learn the common symbolic language of a society
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What is the ought self, the ideal self, and the actual self
The ought self is what others see in ourselves, the ideal self is what we what to be and actual self is what we already are
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What is the difference between a more and a folkway
Mores are informal rules that are socially important and morally signifcant, and folkwats are informal customs that are socially approved by not morally signifcant
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What are Goffman and Mead's theories
Mead characterizes the socially aacceptable projection of the self as Me and the true unfettered self as I .Goffman focuses on interactions using dramaturical approach , using the metaphor of actors and roles to explain social interaction
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What is accomodation
Accomodation is the rocess by which new information resutls in a reshaping of ones intellectual framework for viewign the world
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What is pluralism
Plauralims refers to diverse cultures remainign discrete but equal. in a pluralisic socitie relationships wouldnt change
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What type of control does luck or fate fall under
External locus of control
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What is learned helplessness
Learned helplessness occurs when an idividual gives up and stops tryign to avoid an aversive consequnce .It happes over time after long periods during which the indvidual;s actions do not have desired reslts . An external locuas of control is associtated with learned helplessness. Performing poorly is not a marker of self helpleness
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What is Mead's theory of social self
The theory of social self says that there are two parts the I and the me. The i is a perons creative independent response to social situations and the I is limited by the ideas of socially proper behavior that have be internalized by the me. Thne e represents our internalized set of soietal values an attituds. It is the socialized slef
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What is the looking glass self
Cooley's idea of the loking glass self states that we shape our identities based on our perception of the way others view us
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What is the cognitive apprsial
the primary appraisal- is it dangerous and the secondary appraisal what iis it
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What theory involved the cognitive apprasial of emotion
schachter- Sing
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What is Spearman's idea of general intelligence and what is gardner's idea of 8 intelligences?
Spearman's idea of general intelligence is that there is a single lying intelligence known as g which accounts for a variety of abilities..... Gardner's idea of 8 intelligences i that the human intelligence is divided into specific modalities rather than intelligence as a dominant general ability
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Where is the amydgala located
temporal lobe, two per person
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What is social stratification
social stratification refers to the objetive hierarchy in a socety and often more specifically addresses the class based hierarchy
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What is the difference between a mediatng and moderating variable
Mediating explains the relationship between independent and depednet variables and moderating is one that influencs the strengh
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What is depth of processing
Depth of processsing refers to the type of attention applied to the words during encoding
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What is operationalizm
operationalism is strictly definign variables in a study
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What are the stages of Kolhbergs theory of moral deveopment
First is obidience ( avoid punishment) second it self interest( seek rewards); The third is conformity ( approval); authority and social order ; socal contract ( law contigent on culture); universal Principles (these are higher than the law)
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Define the following: sesnory mmory, shorterme memory, workin memory, long term memory, explicit memory, implicit memory, declarative memory, procedural memory, sematantic memory an episodic memory
sensroy memore last for less one second, ionic memory( visual) and enchonic( aditory); short term is less one second and workign memory is included; long term is the lifetime mory and included explicit memory( consious) and implicit( unconcious); Declarative( facts and events) --> breaks int episodic and semantic implicit breaks down into procedural( skills and task)
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Define agreeableness and openness in OCEAn
Openness refers to how willing somemone is to considering countervailing opinions and agreeableness is the tendency to b kind warm and considerate
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What is system theory
Concepts dealing with systems such as families represent systems theory
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What is psychodynamic theory
psychodynamic theory involved defense such as displacement
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What is humanistic theory
Humanistic theory is focused on actualization and meaning in life, among other focuses . The approach was built upron by carl rogers. He introducted the concept of cliet centered or person centered psychotherapy. Treat as client not a patient .
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What is the stress diathesis model
The stress diathesis model posits that underlying biological characteristics can be activated provided there is sufficient stress
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What is affirmative action
affirmative action is a policy of favoring members of a social group that is percieved to suffer from discrimination within a culture
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What is confirmation bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to se out or favor information and arguments and descisions that support positions you already hold
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Self serving bias
The tendency for people's percepttual and cognitive processes to be disorted in order to uphold their own self esteen
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Attribution bias
Attribution bias refers to our tendency to make differing judgement about the cause of our own versus others' behavior
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Cultural capital
refers to nonfinancial assets that promote social mobility such as education, knowledge of style or fashin charisma or appearance.
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Sublimation
sublimation is a psychological defense mechanism where socially unaccetable emotions or impulses are rerouted and transformed into socailly acceptable ones.
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How does the penetration of a wave relate to frequency
The penetration depth of any wave is inversely proportional to its frequency . So low frequency waves travel father - this type of wve appraoches the apex of the cochlea
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How is intensity and pitch determines
By amplitude and frequency respectively
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What is operationalization
Operationalization isthe proces sof using measurablevariables such as responses to curvey questions as a proxy for somethign that cannot be directy measure , like stress. closeslt thing is to examine the underlying factors
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What are the universal emotions
happiness, disqust, contempt, sadness, fear, anger and surprise
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What is antipsitivism
antipositivism is the belief within social science that the social relam may not be subject to the same methods of investigation as the natural world
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What is the sick role
The sick role refers to a role patient plays in which he is expected to try to rcover from his illness. Not behaving in healhty ways is not fulfilling that role
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What is differential association
that people learn criminat behavior by interactign with others
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What is semantic memory
is one of the two froms of declarative memory (the other is episiodic memory); the semantic memory is acts and concepts
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What is self serving bias
Success due to internal reasons and failure due to external factors
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What is shadowing
Shadowing is a technqiue in which a subject repeats speech immediately after hearing it
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Where does language comprehension and language production occur
left hemisphere
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What type of memory does priming have to do with
subconscious( implicit)
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What is negative priming
Negative priming is an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the esponse to the same stimuluus
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What are neuroleptics
The first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating ositive symptoms their side effects incude cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms
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What is fluid intelligence
the ability to think on ones feet, be adaptable and solve problems using deductive and inductive reasonng . it is a key to cognitive functiong
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What is the dependency ratio
The dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of economically productive members of the populatin to the number of economically productive members
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What is a craving
strong desire to injest
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What is habituation
decrease response to something after being repeatibly exposed to it
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What is the primacy effect
what is given at beginng is rememebered better
310
What is interference
when informaton introduced interfers with memory consolidation of other information
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What is medicalization
medicalization refers to the taken for granted process in which a problem comes to be defined and treated by the social institution of medicine. . The problem and the therapyy intended to improve it are couched in medical terms.
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What is escape learning/ escape behavior
learning to perform to terminate a signal or something that you want to escape
