Christine - CP - Flashcards
How does it work when a variable is changed by a percentage?
You treat the variable as 1 then add the fraction form of the percentage to that ex. 1+30/100 for 30% increase. Then this number is the amount you multiple this variable by. The other side if indirectly proportional then the other side is multipled by the invers. Find this decimal then find what percent is do 1- this number. X is the percentage
Using the force of gravity formula: In an experiment the distance separating the balls is icreased by 25%. How does this affect the force betweenthe balls?
it decreases by 36%
What are the equations for mechanics?
x= 1/2( v1+v2)t; v2-v2= at; x=v1t+1/2at^2; v2^2=v2^2+2ax; d=at
What is avagadro’s number?
The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. 6.022 X10^23. One mole of any substance contains Avagadro’s number of unites
What is the molar mass?
The mass of one mole of a substance
When writing any molecular formula make sure you…
balance charges
What is an ion?
an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
What is the square root of 2? What is the square root of 3?
square root of 2 is 1.4; square root of 3 is 1.7
What is the area under the graph velocity verses time? What is the slope of the graph velocity verse time? What is the area under the graph of acceleration verus time? what is the slope of the graph displacement versus time?
1- displacement 2-acceleration 3-velocity 4-velocity
What is the value of a number?What is the value of e?
value included the positve or negative sign ….2.17
What is the definition of mass number? Avogadro’s number? Molecular wiegh? formula wieght? molar mass?
Mass Number–> number of protons and neutrons, Avogadro’s number–> number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.022140857 × 1023.; Molecular wieght/ formula wieght (ionic comounds) ( sum of the atomic wights of all the atoms in the molecule) molar mass,–> mass of one mole of a substance
The mass of oxygen in 96 grams of sulfur dioxide is closest to:
The formula of sulfur dioxide is SO2. The forulmula wieght fo So2 is 64 g/ mole. This sample contains 1.5 moles of it. I fwe calcuate the percentage mss of oxygen, we can see that the oxygen’s mass contrbution is 50 % in S02. So regardless of the amount of SO2 percent, half of its mass is due to the presence of oxygen and the other half is due to the presence of sulfur. Here we have 96 of SO2. Now one half of 96 is 48g.
Methathesis Reaction–> a reaction in which two ompounds exchange ions, typically with precipation of a insoluble product; Combustion reaction–> a hig htemperature exothemic redox reaction between a fuel and oxidant; CH4 plus oxygen gives CO2 and H2O; endothermic reaction–> used heat; decomposition reaction–. a single compound breaks down into two or more elments or new compounds
Methathesis Reaction–> a reaction in which two ompounds exchange ions, typically with precipation of a insoluble product; Combustion reaction–> a hig htemperature exothemic redox reaction between a fuel and oxidant; CH4 plus oxygen gives CO2 and H2O; endothermic reaction–> used heat; decomposition reaction–. a single compound breaks down into two or more elments or new compounds
What is Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle? Hund’s Rule? Pauli Exclusion Principle? Aufbau principle?
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle –> we can not determine bth the momentum and the position of subatomic particles simultaneously because we are using other particles( electromagnetic particles - like photons) of comparatable energy to detect these subatomic particles, and by the time these other particles find the subatomic particles( say electrons) tey are also disturbing the pathway of thes particles. Aufbau–> occupy the lowest energy level first; hund’s rule–> all orbitals in a subshell will be filled with one electron first before it is doubly filled; Pauli exclusion–> no two electrons can have the same four quatum numbers
What is the correct order of filling subshells?
3s, 3p, 4s, 3d and 4 p
What is the formula for the maximum number of electrion that can occupy the principle energy level?
2n^2
what is the weaker acid- HI or HF?
HF is weaker than HI. HI is the strongest out of HI, HCL,HBr,because it can give off protons more easilt than any of the other acids listed. It has les of a nuclear effective charge. Nuclear effective charge decreases as you go down and increases as you go across.
what does is meanforce balance on an object imply?
This implies constand veolocity. The drag forc and force ogravity are blance.
What is the first law of motion?
If the forces on an object are balanced, then the object moves with constant velocity( constant speed in a straight line). contversly, if an object has constant velocity, then the forces on it are balanced. Some ppl use the term interia to describe this property of matter
What does uniform motion mean?
Uniform motion= no net force.
What force gets a runner accelerating?
The ground pushes the tiger forward
What does constant speed indicate?
Contant speed means balanced forces
What force acts on a cr that accelerates is forward?
Th horizontal force of the road on the wheels , not the wheels on the road
distance over time
distance over time
What is a coordinate covalent bond?
A coordinate covalent bond is formed when the two electrons that are shared in the formation of the ond are donated by one group or atom involved in the bond.
What is the difference between electronic geometry and molecular geometry?
The molecular geometry of a molecule is the directional oreintation of the bonded pairs around the central atom excluded the Unshared electron pairs! Electronic geometry occur shared and unsharred elctrons. it can be linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal or octahedral
What is the difference between electronic geometry and molecular geometry?
Electron Geometries DOES NOT distinguish between unsharred pairs or bonds. This does not mean that molecular geometries ignores the electron pairs, the difference is that molecular geometry distinguishes (“excludes” ) them. The electron geometries could be linear trignonal planar tetraherdral, trigonal bipyramidal( so six things) or octahedral. One electron Pair counts as One thing.
What is the dipole movement? Which atom is it directed towards?
Dipole is a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance.It is directed towards the move electronegtive atom.
What is the neutralization reaction?
Add base and acid to generate H20. a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance.
What is the definition of aliphatic, amphibasic, lyophilic, ampoteric substances?
Aliphatic–In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (/ˌælɪˈfætɪk/; G. aleiphar, fat, oil) also known as non-aromatic compounds.; ampibasic– Lyophilic : Lyophilic colloids are liquid loving colloids (Lyo means solvent and philic means loving).
Lyophobic : Lyophobic colloids are liquid hating colloids (Lyo means solvent and phobic means hating).; amphoteric-n chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid as well as a base.
What is the limiting reagant?
The amount of one of the reactants avialble is less than the amount required to complete the reaction ; so find the number of moles than it is the less nmber of moles
What is an ideal gas? What is the ideal gas law?
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions. Elastic collisions is an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies after the encounter is equal to their total kinetic energy before the encounter. Gases behave most ideally under conditions of high temperatre and low pressure. PV=nRT
What are the units of the universal gas constant? (R)
Latm/ Kmol
What is avagardo’s principle?
According to avogadro’s principle, at a fixed T and P, two ideal gases should occupy the same volume and thus have the same number of molecules present
What is the kinetic- molcular theory?
At a given temp, all gases have the same avg kinetic energy, at a given temperature, different gases have different average velocities, avg ke is proportional to the absolute temperature
What is the third law of motion?
The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. The earth’s gravitational pull on the moon is the same of the Moon’s on the Earth
What do you need for their to be wieght on an objct?
You need the force of a planet
What are the mechanics equations?
F=ma; y=1/2 (v+V)t; v=v+aT; y=VT+1/2aT^2; v^2=V2+2aY
The force diagram and velocity diagram for an object in the air are different
The force diagram and velocity diagram for an object in the air are different
What is the function of the brainstem?
The brainstem controls autonomic activited such as breathing and heart rate.
What is the critical temperature
The critical temperature is the temperature above which a gas can not change into a liquid. High right point of graph
The phase diagram given in the passage cannot be that of:
H20
What does it mean for there to be constant velocity?
This means no acceleration and therefore no net force
What happends to books in a car when the car turns right? What forces act on the books?
No force
What force provides the centripetal force on a car turning right?
friction force
what is static equilibrium
balanced at rest
Where does the Normal force go?
Normal force is always perpednicular to the surface. So the normal force in a cylinder shaped ride going in a cirls would be the centripetal force
What must U be less than if for an object to not move and be in static equilibrium
The force opposing the friction force must be less than the static force for it not to move
When cacluclating cross sectinal area for the drag force equation( an equation you do not need to memorize) what demensions do you use?
Use the demensions that will give you the cross section of the area that is pointing in the direction the object is moving in
What effects the density of something
Temperature and pressure
What is the relative ka and pKa of a strong acid? What is higher the first disassociation energy or the second
High Ka and low Pka; the first
An NaCL solution is most likely:
Neutral; NaCL is a slat of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen is a strong base and HCL is a strong acid. A salt solution of a strong acid and strong base is neutral
Whic hof the following species has the highest pka value?: a) H2PO4- B) H3PO4 c)HPO42- D) all the sepcies above have almost the same Ka values, since they all have the same type of phosphate anionic counterpart
HPO4^2- low Ka, high pka and high ph not strong acid
What is a bomb calorimeter?
It is a device used to determine the energy changes associated with reactions. It measures the heat absorbed or evolved at . aconstant volume. The changes are made a constant temp and volume.
What is entropy?
Increase in randomness
What does it mean when the free energy change is Zero
This means there is no net transfer of free energy ; this means the forward and the reverse reactions are equally favored
What is the free energy change of a pure crystalline substance
The free energy change od a pure cyrstalline substance at )K is zero
What is the equilibrium constant?
The equilibrium constant is the equilibrium molar concentration of the products raised to their corresponding coefficients, dived by the concentratio of the reactants raised to ther corresponding coefficients
What are the steps for finding the equilibrium constant( rate) from a given experiment?
Look at the two experiments where one concentration is kept constant, but where the concentration of one is doubled, what happens to the rate. If the rate doubles when that concentration of that reactant doubles the reaction order or the exponent is zero. If the concentration doubles and the rate is quadrupled the order is 2.
if pressure is altered in a reaction system, what happens to the direction of the reaction?
Look at the moles of gas, the reaction shifts to whatever side there are less moles of gas; if there are equal moles of gas then there will not be a change the reaction mode
What is entropy?
Measure of the randomenss in a system ; in general the gas hase has higher entropy than liquid; if there are less compounds or elements on one side of the reatin this side has the decrease entropy or less randomness
Do strong oxidizing agents have high or low reduction potentials? What happens to oxidizing agents?
Oxidizing agents get reduced. Oxidixing agents are reduced so they can collect electrons which means they have high reduction potentials
What is the EMF?
The electron motive force–> net electron potential of the source
Describe an electryolytic cell and a galvantic cell?
Electrolytic: nonspontaneous, cathode is negative; goes cathode to anode; Galvantic cell–> spontaneous cathode is negative, anode to cathode
What happens the neutron proton ratio as atomic number increases
the neutron poton ratio increases
What is cos/ sin=? what does the normal force on an incline plane equal to?
cos/sin=tan; normal force on an incline= mgsinteta
What is the force of friction formula on an incline and the force of gravity?
When the car is skidding up the hill the forces of gravity along the incline and the force of friction point in the same direction. Force of gravity= mg sino) and Force of friction is Umg cos0.
What is the order of bond stangth and bond length?
Triple bond: shortest and strongest; Single bond: longest and weakest
What is the structure of acetylene
One triple bond connecting two carbons
What is an ideal gas:
Ideal gas: a hypothetical gas whose molecules occupy neglible space and have no interactions and consequently obey the gas laws exactly; volume occupied by molecules is negigible compared to the volume occupied by the gas; small amounts of energy are NOT lost during collisions; gas molecules do not interact with each other except furin collisions and collisions between gas molecules are competely elastic
Gases found in the environment are most likely to exhibit properties similar to that of an ideal gas under conidtions of
high temperature and low pressure (298 K and 1 atm)
Which properties reflected in real gas does the van der Waals equation attemp to account for by modifying the ideal gas law?
volume and pressure; the ideal gas hs no volume and at low pressure and high temperature a gas is said to act like an ideal gas
What is the volume all ideal gases obtain?
22.4L
SHown below are four mercury barometers of the same hieght. which barometer shows the greates external pressure?
Given that the force acting on the fluid in the barometer is F=mg. We can derive it thus: m=density\cdot⋅dot volume, so F=density\cdot⋅dotvolume\cdot⋅dotg. Volume=area\cdot⋅dotheight, so F=density\cdot⋅dot area\cdot⋅dot height\cdot⋅dotg. We know that F/area = pressure, so we can say that the change in pressure = the change in height\cdot⋅dot density\cdot⋅dot g.
What is the formula for an alkane?
CnH2n+2
Define the following: steroisomers, anomers, diasteremers, and constitutional isomers
Constitutional isomer: Compounds with the same molecular formula and different connectivity; Steroisomer: same molecular formula and sequence of bonds but a different #D oreintation of there atoms : includes Diasteromers ( superimposable not mirror images, E-Z (double bonds) meso compounds( Superimposable mirror images; L and D) and enatiomers ( optical isomer; nonsuperimposable not mirror images)
What are the different alkane configurations in order from highest eneergy to lowest?
Fully eclipse( 0); gaunche(60)(staggered), eclipse(120). and anti staggered (180)
What increases the boiling point of a molecule or a compound?
More intermolecular forces: so the less branching the higher the boiling point; boiling point increases as the number of carbons increase, the type of intermolecualr forces ( ionic, hydrogen, dipole dipole and van der waals) and less branching increased bP
Define the following intermolecular forces: Ionic, hydrogen, dipole- dipole, and van der waal)
Ionic: Recall lattice energy and its relations to properties of solid interaction between charged molecules ; Hydrogen: H to F.. O…N Intermolecular dipole dipole : polar covalent with strong electronegative atoms; Vander walls
What are the three steps of a free radical chlorination of methane?
Initiation–> Dissociation of halogen into 2 ions; propagation–> halogen takes methane from chorine; Termination–> combustion of radicals
How do you figure out the number of stuctural isomers a compound has?
No formula you just draw; examples- Heptane and methylhexane are structural isomers
What do the following reactions do: Hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes, acid catalyzed hydration of alkene, and oxymercuration- demurcation of alkenes
possible ways of making alcohols
what does a grinyard reaction form
an alcohol, but also adds carbons
what happens if an aldehyde is oxidized?
It is converted to a carboxyllic acid
What type of a reaction is a baeyer villiger reaction?
oxidative cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond adjacent to a carbonyl, which converts ketones to esters and cyclic ketones to lactones.; it is an oxidation reaction
What is an aldol addition?
aldol is an abbreviation of aldehyde and alcohol. When the enolate of an aldehyde or a ketone reacts at the α-carbon with the carbonyl of another molecule under basic or acidic conditions to obtain β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone, this reaction is c
What influences acidity?
The carbonyl group is of great influence to acifict. The carbonyl group increase the acidit of protons that are connected to the adjacent carbons. the closets protons influenced by the carbonyl group are indicated by the arrows and the one in the middle of two carbony lgroups will be most acidic
What is a ketal, acetal, hemiacetal?
an acetal derived from a ketone.” Acetal: functional group with the following connectivity R2C(OR’)2, where both R’ groups are organic fragments. OR and OH attached is a hemi acetal; two OR is acetal; Two oH is ketal?
What is the product of a carboxyllic acid with methanol?
methyl “butanon”ate
Order the following from lowest to highest bp? alcohol keytones alkanes carboxyllic acis
lowest to highest boiling point: alkanes and keytones, alcohol and carboxyllic acids
What do subsitutients do to the acidity of a compound?
Subsitutents increase the acidity of a compound. specifically, electronegative ones such as halides
Which of the following are more acidic carboxyillic acid or alcohol?
carboxyllic acid is more acidic
What happens when you reduce a carboxyllic acid?
Make alcohol
What has more elcetrophilic carbonyl groups: carboxyli acids or keytones
keytones; hydroxyl group makes carboxyllic acids les elecrophilic
How does pka relate to aciditiy? What effect do electrphilic elements have on carboxylic groups
High pKA low acidity ; they have the inductive effect
The reaction of an ester with Grignard reagent ( excess) in the presence of aquesou acid resutls in:
a tertiary alcohol
Glygogen phosphorlase’s enxymatic action is resricted to cleavage of what type of glycosidic bond?
Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the alpha 1-4 glycosidic linakge between glucose residues in glycogen
Into cells of which of the following tissues is glucose transport insulin- sensitive?
muscle cells and fat cells are two cell types most strongly influenced by insulin to increase uptake of extracellular glucose; the lense of the eye, RBC and the brain lack glucose receptors
What is ketogenesis?
Ketogenesis is the process by which ketone bodies are produced in the mitocondria of liver cells as a result of fatty scid breakdoen in reponse to the unavaiability of blood glucose
What are products of mitocondrial beta oxidation of Fatty acids?
NADH and ATP, they inhibit gluconeogensis
How many carbons is fructose
six carbon sugar; not an epimer or anomer with glucose because it differs at more than one C
Define the following: Enantiomers, resoance strutures, anomers or mesomers
Enantiomer: each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other
What angle do u measure from for snells law? What does a smaller index of refraction mean?
You measure from the normal angle; a smaller n meas a bigger angle and that the light travels faster through that material
Where do you draw the normal line?
perpendicular to the surface
when drawing light rays for the index of refraction make sure you draw the normal then temporarily extend the light ray to see which way to bend it; a larger n means you bend towards because you want a smaller incident angle
when drawing light rays for the index of refraction make sure you draw the normal then temporarily extend the light ray to see which way to bend it; a larger n means you bend towards because you want a smaller incident angle
What is the sin cos and tan of angle 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 180,270 ,360
see separate sheet
What is 1/3 equal to in decimal form?
0.3333333
What causes attraction and what causes repulsion
Repulsion- two of the same charged near each other, and attraction- two of the opposite charges or one charge charge and one neutral
What is the isoelectric point? What is the shortcut for finding the pH or POH?
the isolelectric point is the point at which the average charge of an amino acid is equal to O. the shortcut from concentration to pH or POH is ( M-1). (10-N). M is the exponent and M is the coefficent
What is deceleration? What are the kinematic equations?
*** look at values if they are far apart it is okay to approximate; decelleration can be found with acceleration when something falls but it is definded as the decrease in velocity but it not necessarily the acceleration of gravity
What is the formula for rate of effusion?
Vnms= Sqaure root of (3RT/M)
What is different about the hybridization of transition metals and nonmetals?
The d orbital come before with transition metals; example: d^2sp3^3 for transition metals but it be Sp^3d^2 for nonmetals
What is the formula for finding the focal length of a thin lense ( thin lense equation)? What is the difference between real and virual images
1/f= 1/i +1/0
What is the formula for stereoisomers? And what is a meso compounds
2^N; n is the number of chiral centers; a meso compound is a sterocenter with superimposable mirror images
Do distereiomers and enatiomers have the same sphical and chemci al properties?
A pair of enantiormers have the same phycial and chamical propertice and a pair of diasteriomers have the same chemical properties but most of the time different phyical
Which of the following is not a strong base?
potassium hydroxide, calciu hydroxide, sodum carbonate ( all strong bases) and methyl acetate ( not a base)
Under what conditions do gases behave ideally?
- under low pressure ( 1atm+760 mmhg, 760 torr, 10^5 pa( N/m^2); ) under high temperatures: K=C +273
How do u tell the strenght of the hydrogen bond? What has the lowest bond dissociation enthalpy? ( break bond–Add heat endothermic)
Look at atom connected to the H in the h—O bond; if it has a high electronegativity like Flourine then it is causing more induction and therefore more positive charge on the H atom. It is therefore harder to break this bond so there is a higher dissociatition enthalphy// low bond dissociation enthalpy means weakest bond
What do u need to rememeber when asked to find the electronic confidguration of a transition metal with a charge?
Need to rememeber your take elections offf( if plus charge) from the highest energy level ( so 4s instread of 3d, even thought 4s goes on before 3d)
Which of the followng is the only steroselecive reagant listed: tert-butoxide, DMSO, Diethyl tartrate and proanol?does SN1 reactions or Sn2 provie a racemic mixture?
Diethyl tartrate is the only one that is steroselective; SNI ( unimolecular, this is a two step reaction and therefore inverted stereocenter occur; SN2 one step, bimolecular, and a reacemic misture occure)
What kind of regant if Aluminum hydride?
A reducing agent…….. With reduction you can see a gain of electrons, decreased oxidation state, more CH bonds, lose C-) or C-N bonds)
What is byoles law, what is charles law, what is the ideal gas law
B” PV=PV; charles V/ T=V/T, and the ideal gas law is PV=nRT
How do you find partial pressure ( pressure of one gas in a miture) ? What is raoutl’s law?
Mole fraction of that gas X Ptotal; P02=[mol O2)/tot mol)] X Ptot
What are the six classes of enzymes?
oxidoreductase, ligase, lyase, hydrolase, transferase, isomerases
What is the formula for half life? What does it give you exactly?
(1/2)^number of halfe lifes; this formula give you the fraction of material that is left after this number of half lifes- must multiple the orignal amount by this to get the number
When including mass in an equation what do the units have to be?
kg NOT g; 10^3 g are in 1 kg
What doe hydrolyis require?
add H2O molecule to split something up
What is the henderson hasselback formula? what is it used for?
ph=Pka + log( conjugate base/ acid); conjugate base looks like A- and acid is HA; henderson- hasselbalch equation describes how the ph changes is we start out with an equal concentration of HA and A- ( at which pH=Pka) and then adjust the relative concentration of H and A- ; used or questios about the relative ratios of an acid and its conugate base or viasa vesa
What does delocaived p orbitals do to acidity?
increases acidity due to the stabiliting effect. acidity is determined by the stability of the conjugate base
What are the changes that occure to Km and Vax with competive, noncompetive, and uncompetive inhibitors? What is common about all these three types of inhibition?
They are all reversible. With a comppetive inhibitor the V max stays the same and the km increases; noncompeitive the km stays the same and the V max decreases, and with uncompetive ( e-S ) the V m and Km decrease
What is the net hydolysis reaction of H20?
2H20–> O2 + 2H2
What is faraday’s constant?
Faradays constant represents the amount of charge per mole or Avagard’s number of electrons
Where does reduction occur and where does oxidation occur?I nan electroyltic cell is the cathode postive or negative? In a galvantic cell is the anode positive or negative?
AN OX; RED CAT; cathode is NEGative in and electrolytic cell and positive in a galvantic ;
What is the definition of effusion? what are the two formulas for rate of effusion? do heavier or lighter gases diffuse faster
effusition is an instance of giving of something such as a liquid, light or smell; the formulas are 1/ square root of the molecular wieght) and rate 1/rate 2= sqare root of ( M2 and M1) ; and square root ( 3RT/ M)heavier gas diffuses MORE slowly
What besides the number of electrons effects the atomic radius size?
The number of protons in their nuclei. protons are posiitvely charged and attract electrons, so that with the highest atomic numer ( he most protons) will be pulled closest to the nuclesu
What are the units of k for the first second and third order reactions? What is the rate of the reaction units
s^-1, Lmol^-1s^-1, and L^2mol^-2s^-1; rate of the reaction untis are M/L; M is for molart which is Moles per liter
What are the SI unites
Kelvin, seconds, candela, meter, kilogram, ampere and mole
what are scalar quanties and what are vector?
Vector quanties–> contain direction, scalar no direction; speed and distance are scalar
Does Mass impact time of flight?
No!
When an external force act on a system is momentum conserved?
no
What is Fnet of going up a ramp equal to?
F applied = F g+ Fs
What is the square root of 3
1/7
What is the formula for work
Fdcostheta
What is the formula for torque>
torque=Frsinteta
When moving in a circular pattern what do you have to consider when trying to figure out an obkect wieght
Bth the force of gravity and the centripital force
What is the formula for angular momentum? What is momentum
Angular momentum is represented by L L=rvmsinteta
What is mechanical energy ( KE plus PE; energy involved in movement)? What is a conservative force?
A conservative force is one in which the work done is totally independent of the path taken e. gravity, the resporting force created by a string; nonconservtive forces do not store energy, they are dissapative force examples are air resistance and friction, there eneregy is not longer avaiable for KE; with conservative forces mechanical energy is conserved
How else can Newtons be written
kjm/s^2
What is the work formula involving pressure
W=Pressure ( change in volume)
What is moment of inertia ?
a quantity expressing a bodies tendency to resist angular accelerationsum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation. Lower moment of inertia means lower KE, more massa center of an object dereace inertia and ke
If two teams pull a rope with the same force in oppositie directions was it the tension?
What ever force the teams are pulling cause; tension is best thought of as the force exeted by the rope on each team,
Fnet is equalt to what when frictions involved
Force applied - force friction
What is the formula for power? What are two work formulas/
Power=IV; work=FDcosteta and work+powertime
What is the formula for resistance
Resitance=Resistivity L/A
What is the charge of a proton
1.6X 10^-16C/ion
What does the half life mean in terms of enery
it determines the rate of release of radiation; if a sample has a longer hald life this means that the release of raditation is spread out over a longer perod of time (energy/time0 so longer lasting then lower power
What happens at equilibrium
the rate or the products equal the rate of reactions ; the concentration of the reaction and products dont chang
What goes into the equilibrium constant ?
its the products over the reactants, with the coefficients as exponsents, the subschripts same the same; puresolids and pure liquids do not go in ; only aq and gases
When something gains heat is it exothemic or endothermis? is going from a gas to solid an exthemic or endothermic process
endothermic, and endothermic
What element is ALWAYS soluble in H20
alumminum
How do you determine is a solid percipitate will form?
if the iOn product is more that the Ksp it will form
What will increasing the temperature do to the Ksp
increasing the temp makes something more soluble so the Ksp is raised
What is the molar solubility of a substance?
the number of moles per liter that can be dissolved per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated
What is NH2- acidic or basic? is the conjugate of a stong acid stong or weak
Basic it is the conjugate base of ammonia( nH3)… the conjugate base of a strong acid is weak
What is the product of the Ka and kb of a compound at 298K? what is 298 K in C?
10^-14 of the ksp of water; 25C
What is a lewis acid/base, bronsted lowry acid/base and arrenious base/ acid
Think lewis when you are dealing with the formation of a bond—the transfer of electrson; bronsted lowry is for protons. Electon DONATing is lewis base, and hydorgen acceptor; lewis acid accepts and electron pair and donated a hydrogen when thought of as a bronsted lowry
What are two factors that contribute most o tthe stability fo an anion
resonance and the presence of electron withdraing groups on the molecule . When an acid is comparitabily strong when it has a more stable conugate base which makes it better able to readily to lose a proton. And electrondonating group is destabilized. akyl groups are electron donating and NO2 and oH is electronwithdrawing, stabilizing and eactivating
What is the strongest acid
HCLO4; higher electronegativity will be more electron withdrawing so more aatraction of electrons and lewis acid accepts electrongs
What is not included in Kw
h20 in the rectants cause it is a pure liquid
What is the titration formula
VN=VN; normality=morlaity( number of equivalents)
What are buffers?
Buffers are usually weka acids wiht there conjugates they resist changed topH; pka should be close to ph
What is the log of 10
1
What is the overal E of an electrolytic ang that of a galvantic cells? Whih way to electrons flow Anaode to cathode
galvantic is postive and electrolytic is neg
What is Farday’s constant?
Faradays constand tells us that approximately 10^5 coulombs are present per mole of electrons; 10^5 C/ mol e-; emember with stoichiometry you must balance charge and number of molecules
What are the three main definitiosn of acids and bases? What is a amphoteric ( amphiprotic) compound
Arrhenius - acid: excess H in solution; base- access oh in solution ; bronsted lowry- acid- donate H; base- accept H; Lewis - acid- donates electrons; base- accept electrons ; NH3 is a brnsted lowry base ( accepts H) but is not a arrhenious base; an amphoteris compound can act as either an acid orbase depending on the other reactants present. If there are multiple H in a sustance this is known as a polyprotic
Which way does the current flow in an electrolytic or galvanic cell?
In the opposite of the electrions from cathode to anode. When you are figuring out the magnetic field use the right hand rule. It either goes into or out of the page
Define Molarity; how do you define percent composition
Moles/ L; it is the concentration; percent compositionL the percent of total mass of compound that a particular element contributes
What is the limiting reagant?
the reagents that produces the least amount of product. Compare this in moles and do stoicheometry to fine the numebr of moles for each reagent cn produce
What is a formula unit
emperical formula of any ionic or covalent network solid compound
When you break a bond dot you lose or gain energy? What is a coordinate covalent bond?
You gain energy; only one compound contributes both electrons in a coordinate covalent bond
What are hydrophobic bonds? what are the three main types of IMF
hydrogen,, dipole dipole, dispersion ; hydrophobic interactions are the interactons between nonpolar molecuels ; londo dispersio ncan be refered to a hydrophobic
If a majority ov the molecuel is CH bt there is oH what is the molecule nonpolar or poplar
nonpolar
ower energy is more favorable
ower energy is more favorable
What does sterilization do? What reactions can many bacteria catalyze?
Kills bacteria; the hydolysis of ester linkage between a fatty acis and the triglycerides
What is velocity of a wave formula
v=frequency( wavelength)
What is the p value for significant data
less than .05
What type of waves are sound, water and visible light waves
Visible light and water are transverse and sound are longitutidinal
Waht is I0?
Io is the smalles detectable sound intensit which is ! X qo^-12W/m^2
What is an enantiomer?
Non superimospable mirror imags, that have IDentical physicaland chemical proerties so the only way to separate them is to use substances which interact differently with one enantimoer than with the other. Example chiral column chromatogrpahy
What are the processes that happen in the mitocondria
crticu acid cycle, beta oxidations of fatty acids and the oxidative phosphorylation ; in the mitocondrial matxis that is where the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur
Dimerization involves what type of bond and what of the four levels of proteins structure
quartnerary stucture and noncovlat bonds
What is the strategey for roman numeral questions? What do strong bases and strong acids do in H20?
look what apprears most. ; dissociate completely in H2O so that the ocncentration of protons or hydroxyl groups is equal to the molarity of the olcution
How do you figure out reduction or oxidation
use the oxidative numbers
what is the definition of a lewis acid and base
lewis aic- accepts electrons and base donates electrons
What are the three letter symbols fo glutamic acid and glutamine
GLN is gltamine and glutamic acid acid id GLU
What happens when nonpolar molveules are immersed an an aqeous solution.
a solvation layer forms around the, which causes a larger decrease in the entropy ( or diorder ) ; is a polar substance is water less ordered solvation layer forms around them
What is an amne and an amide
an amine is in every amino acid ( -NH2) and amide( a carbonyl adjacent to an NH2)
What is hydrostatic pressure
the pressure exerted at a point within the fluid at eqaulibrium. as depth increased it increases because of the pressure exerted by the surface
What is the formula for decibel levle of sound
db= 10 log( 1/Io) Io is 1X 10^-12; intensity equals power/ area
What are the two main subtypes of polymers in startch
amylose and amylopectin. amylose is a linear ployermer of glucose molecues connected by a alpha 1–>4 glycosidic bond; amylopectic contains glusoce connected by a alpha 1–> 4 glycosidis bond but branches due to 1–6 gylcosidc bond
What are the four types of protein structure
1- amino acids sequence that codes the protein; 2- 2d arragement this is due to the hydrogen bnds between grous alng the peptide backbone that line different segments to the polypeptide chaine to each other ; the alpha heliz has 3. 6 resideues per tuen and the beta is arranged int oseveral b strands which are strechtec segment of the poylpetide chain that are laso kept otgether with hydrogen bonds. ( parallel or antiparallel) 3- actual 3d shapedue to hyrodphobic/ hydrophillic interactions and hydreogen bnds between side cahin amins aicds and a.a and the environment, disuldife linkages , highest level of structure shared by all proteinsl the 4- not all have but is when more then one polypeptide chain is involved
What happens to the solubility of a gas as the partial pressure increase
it increases
