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RELS 101 SDSU > Christianity & Islam > Flashcards

Christianity & Islam Flashcards

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1
Q

What religion did Chrisitianity emerge from? When?

A

Judaism, in the 1st century CE

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2
Q

Who were the Saudducees

A

a Jewish sect or party of the time of Jesus Christ that denied the resurrection of the dead, the existence of spirits, and the obligation of oral tradition, emphasizing acceptance of the written Law alone.

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3
Q

Which sector of Jewish society was criticized for focusing more on rituals than the social welfare of the community?

A

The Sauddecees

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4
Q

Who were the Pharisees?

A

Another Jewish sect that claimed to follow the laws of Moses and the oral set of commandments

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5
Q

Who usually belonged to the Pharisees?

A

Rabbis, Scribes and low level priests

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6
Q

Who attempted to overthrow Roman rule?

A

The Zealots

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7
Q

Who were the Zealots led by?

A

Jude of Gailee

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8
Q

Who prophesied the coming of the messiah?

A

John the Baptist

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9
Q

Which jewish sect was John the Baptist assumed to be in?

A

The Essenes

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10
Q

Jesus of Nazareth was born to a _________ family around the time of ___ BCE

A

Jewish , 4

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11
Q

According to the book __________ is the world’s largest religion

A

Christianity

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12
Q

t/f Jesus produced writings of his life and teachings (the bible)

A

False, he produced no known writings. His later followers wrote about his life and purpose even after his death

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13
Q

Jesus died ___ BCE

A

30

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14
Q

Gospels literally means

A

good news

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15
Q

What does Emmanuel literally mean?

A

God is with us

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16
Q

Early Chrisitan writings: In 50 BCE, a collection of letters was written by ____________

A

Paul of Tarsus

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17
Q

What were the 4 gospels?

A

Gospels of:
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
These are important because they mark Jesus’ birth, life, teachings and death.

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18
Q

Where was Jesus born according to the Gospels?

A

Galilee

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19
Q

At what age was Jesus baptized? by whom?

A

30 and he was baptized by John the Baptist

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20
Q

What is the order of the synoptic gospels? (older to youngest)

A

Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Matthew and finally Gospel of Luke

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21
Q

What is meant by synoptic gospel?

A

similar sequences and events

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22
Q

How many synoptic gospels are there (of the 4)?

A

3- Mark, Matthew and Luke

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23
Q

Which gospel is excluded from the 3 synoptic gospels?

A

John

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24
Q

Which gospels refers to Jesus as Christ?

A

John

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25
Q

What idea does Gnosticism embrace?

A

they had the belief that secret knowledge had been passed on by Jesus to certain chosen followers

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26
Q

The Pharisees considered Jesus’ claims to be able to forgive sins __________.

A

blasphemous

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27
Q

TO avoid conflict, what did Pontius Pilate do?

A

Arrest Jesus

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28
Q

Jesus was crucified under ________ law

A

Roman

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29
Q

The Nazarenes were those who ______________.

A

spread Jesus’ teachings

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30
Q

Why is Paul one of the most important figures in the spread of Christianity?

A

Initially known as Saul of Tarsus, he was a Pharisee who persecuted and murdered the followers of Jesus. After having a direct and personal encounter with God (risen Jesus) he converted and was renamed Paul of Tarsus.

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31
Q

t/f Paul eventually was executed by Roman authority (Orders of Nero)

A

true

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32
Q

Which emperor issued an edict of “toleration” towards the Christians?

A

Emperor Galerius

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33
Q

Which emperor granted freedom of worship to Christians?What was this edict called?

A

Emperor Constantine: the Edict of Milan

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34
Q

Which emperor made Christianity an official religion and forced conversion?

A

Emperor Theodosius

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35
Q

What was the organization of early christianity (hierarchal)

A

officials were the priests who preached, taught and conducted sacraments
Deacons served the priests
Bishops managed the Deacons and Preists

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36
Q 
Which group (from the hierarchy of early christianity) was known as the direct successors to the apostles?
(deacons, bishops, or priests)
A

The Bishops

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37
Q

What defines a Patriarch?

A

A bishop responsible for an important city

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38
Q

Which emperor wanted to be baptized right before death in order to die in a “state of sinless grace”?

A

Emperor Constantine

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39
Q

What is meant by caesaropapism?

A

It is a term to describe Constantine’s position as king and pope

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40
Q

Other than the freedom to practice religion, what is Constantine known for?

A

He used his power to intervene in theology and define orthodoxy/heresy

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41
Q

What is heresy

A

belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.

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42
Q

Who was the first council for christians?

A

Council of Nicaea

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43
Q

What was the name of the bishop that believed Jesus had been a mortal human being

A

Arius

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44
Q

What was the name of the bishop that believed Jesus was equally Human and divine

A

Athanasius

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45
Q

Which view was accepted in defining the exact nature of god? Arius or Athanasius?

A

Athanasius

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46
Q

Who built the first church in Rome?

A

Peter

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47
Q

What was the Great Schism of 1054 CE?

A

Argument about the relationship between God, Hesus and the Holy Spirit

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48
Q

Roman Catholicism is in the _____ while Orthodox Christianity is in the _____
(north,south,east,west)

A

west, east

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49
Q

Who was the first to complete a translation of the bible into Latin?

A

St. Jerome

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50
Q

What is monasticism?

A

Devoting life to spirituality

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51
Q

What was the Bishop of Augustine of Hippo known for?

A
  • wrote a book (confessions) about his transition to Chrisitianity
  • embraced the idea of God,Jesus and the Holy spirit being one
  • developed the idea of original sin
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52
Q

What were examples of ascetic practices?

A

extreme fasting, celibacy, self-inflicted beatings, physical denial

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53
Q

Who defeated the Muslim invaders? When? Where?

A

Charles Martel defeated Muslim invaders in 732 CE at the Battle of tours (France)

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54
Q

Who is the most important ruler of the Carolingian Empire?

A

Charlemagne (Martel’s Grandson)

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55
Q

What is simony?

A

selling of church offices

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56
Q

Who were the Cistercians

A

white monks (robes were not dyed) who lived in isolation- lived with the practice of manual labor and prayer

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57
Q

Who founded the Cistercians?

A

Robert of Molesmes

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58
Q

WHo is the most famous modern day Cistercian?

A

Thomas Merton

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59
Q

What does the Lateran Synod of 1059 state?

A

cardinals were the only members of church with enough power to elect popes

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60
Q

What is mysticism?

A

Direct/personal experience with God

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61
Q

What is the most popular sacrament?

A

Eucharist

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62
Q

What is the term given for the symbol of the bread and wine as body and blood of Christ?

A

transubstantiation

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63
Q

What is a mendicant order?

A

action of relying on begging and charity due to the practice of poverty. Many believe one could be liberated by embracing poverty

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64
Q

Who were the Franciscans? Who was the founder?

A

A mendicant order founded by Francis of Assisi

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65
Q

Another name for the Franciscan order is…

A

Begging Brotherhood

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66
Q

What is stigmata?

A

a term used in Christian mysticism to describe the manifestations of bodily wounds, scars and pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ

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67
Q

Who was known for the act of stigmata?

A

Francis of Assisi

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68
Q

Mary’s perpetual virginity was asserted in the _________ while the ____________ claimed her body was taken up to heaven

A

doctrine of virgin birth; doctrine of the Assumption

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69
Q

What is the name of the group that was named the Black Friars?

A

Mendicant Dominican Order

70
Q

What were the most popular heresies in the Middle Ages?

A

Waldensian and Cathar

71
Q

t/f Most cathars were vegetarians

A

true

72
Q

which group of heresy believed the material body was evil and a “prison”?

A

Cathars

73
Q

Jews were seen as _________

A

Christ Killers

74
Q

What are indulgences?

A

purchase of prayers that earn early release from purgatory

75
Q

What were the 95 Theses?

A

Martin Luther called a debate about the legitimacy of indulgences and included 95 arguments known as this.

76
Q

Who argues that confession to priests is not necessary?

A

Martin Luther

77
Q

The Lutheran Church split from…

A

Roman Catholicism

78
Q

Anabaptists did not believe in _____ baptism

A

infant

79
Q

This reformation group is known to challenge Martin Luther and was founded by John Calvin

A

Calvinism

80
Q

Calvinism influenced the development of _____________ Christianity

A

Protestant

81
Q

Who split from the Catholic Church due to the restriction of divorce?

A

Henry VIII (8th) founder of the Angelic Church

82
Q

What is the Council of Trent? What is the date?

A

Used to address reform and redefine the Catholic faith (1545)

83
Q

What did the Quakers assert? Who was their founder?

A

They believed priests and others were unnecessary to salvation. Their founder was George Fox

84
Q

What was Deism?

A

It stripped the religion of supernatural elements and believed in more of a scientific approach. They did not believe in virgin birth, miracles or mysticism

85
Q

Who founded the Church of the Latter Day Saints?

A

Joseph Smith; founder of Mormons

86
Q

What do Mormons abstain from?

A

Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, Tithe

87
Q

Evangelicals give priority to what?

A

direct personal experiences of God

88
Q

Which group of Evangelicals resist history or science correlated with faith and the Bible?

A

Fundamentalists

89
Q

What are televangelists

A

Using tv radio and internet to reach large audiences

90
Q

What was the Council of Nicea?

A

Gathering held in 325 that defined orthodox belief

91
Q

What is Iconoclasm

A

Rejections of the use of icons in worship

92
Q

What is the idea of predestination where is it from?

A

Idea that our fate was determined before creation. Emerged from Calvinism

93
Q

What is the New Roman Hierarchy?

A 
Jesus
Apostles
Bishops
Priests 
Deacons
94
Q

What language of mass and Bible did Lutheran fight for?

A

German

95
Q

According to Luther, how does the Church make money?

A

By having priests not marry

96
Q

Lutheran was excommunicated and the church broke up into the ___a____ church and the ___b______. Then the _____b______ broke up into the _____c_____ and _____d_____.

A

Lutheran was excommunicated and the church broke up into the Catholic church and the Protestant. Then the Protestants broke up into the Lutherans and Calvinists.

97
Q

What are the 2 movements mentioned that makes Christians look bad?

A

Fundamentalism and Televangelism

98
Q

Islam was founded by who? When?

A

Mohammed in the 6th century

99
Q

Who is a muslim?

A

anyone who accepts the Shahadah “I bear witness that there is no God except God and Mohammed is the messenger” and follows the beliefs/traditions

100
Q

In tribal societies, one gets wisdom at around the age of ___

A

40

101
Q

What is the Ka’aba?

A

A worship site (black box building in Mecca) said to contain 360 idols

102
Q

During what years did Muhammad live?

A

570-632 CE

103
Q

When did Muhammad start preaching?

A

610 CE

104
Q

To which tribe was Muhammad born into?

A

Quraysh

105
Q

Briefly explain the death of his loved ones

A

Father was deceased before birth
Mother died when he was 8
Grandfather died later on Uncle took care of him since

106
Q

What is Islam’s scripture?

A

The Quran

107
Q

Who was Muhammad’s wife?

A

He was employed by a rich widow who later became his wife at around his age of 25 (about 15 year age difference)

108
Q

Where did Muhammad attain his experience with God?

A

In the cave of Hira, mountains near Mecca.

109
Q

When does time start based on Islamic tradition?

A

622 CE- flight to Medina

110
Q

What is hafiz (hifz)?

A

a term used by Muslims for someone who has completely memorized the Qur’an.

111
Q

t/f quran is monotheistic (one god)

A

true

112
Q

How many times is Moses mentioned?

A

136

113
Q

Only woman named after a chapter?

A

Mary

114
Q

What is the difference of incarnation and inliberation

A

incarnation: word became body (Jesus)
inliberation: word became book (quran)

115
Q

What were the 5 pillars of Islam?

A
  1. Shahada: statement “i bear witness…”
  2. Salat: 5 prayers per day
  3. Siyam: fasting during Ramadan (from sunrise to sunset= no food, drink or sex)
  4. Zakat: Charity -2.5% / year
  5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
116
Q

t/f Islam is a religion of law (similar to Judaism)

A

True

117
Q

What are the sources fo Islamic law?

A

-Concepts of Quran
-The sunnah/Hadith
sunnah:the body of literature which discusses and prescribes the traditional customs and practices of the Islamic community, both social and lega
Hadith:a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad which, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna)

118
Q

Why do Muslims recognize ethiopia?

A

When Muhammad and his early followers were being persecuted, Ethiopian forces let them seek refuge, as they had similar belief systems

119
Q

Why did Muhammad and Abu Kabr flee Mecca? Was it significant? What is the term for it?

A

Because there were people plotting his death. This occurred in the year 622 and was so important that the Muslim calendar starts here. This flight is known as the Hijrah

120
Q

Those who fled Mecca to go to Medina were known as ? Once arrived to Medina they were given the term?

A

Muhajirun: the emigrants and once arrived they were the Ansar: the helpers

121
Q

Islam literally means_____ but it symbolizes one’s _______

A

to seek to become whole and perfect; symbolizes one’s submission to God

122
Q

Tawhid adopts the concept of monotheism and states

A

God has no partners; not humans share in divinity

123
Q

The Hebrew Bible is known as

A

Miqra

124
Q

The quran contains ____ chapters known as _____

A

114; suras

125
Q

Normally, people practice and recite the quran to the original language which is…

A

Arabic

126
Q

t/f inliberation means that god is manifested in the quran

A

true

127
Q

The act of reciting the Quran a specfic way with specific tones is called

A

Tajwid

128
Q

What is Wudu?

A

Preparation for 5 daily prayers (salat)

129
Q

What is another word for fasting during Ramadan?

A

Sawm

130
Q

What is mimesis?

A

Action by imitation

131
Q

The 1st chapter of the Quran is..

A

Fatiha

132
Q

Those who relocated to Medina were known as

A

Muhajirun

133
Q

What is umra?

A

Visit to Mecca where only SOME of the rites of Hajj are performed

134
Q

The hadith is defined as

A

That which is attributed to the prophet in terms of word,deed and tacit approval

135
Q

The creedal testimony is known as

A

Shahada

136
Q

1st Leader of Muslims after Muhammad’s Death

A

Abu Bakr

137
Q

What does Haeresium fera mean?

A

mother of all heresies

138
Q

Root meaning of Quran

A

to recite

139
Q

The Muslim Calender begins in the year of which event?

A

Flight to Medina

140
Q

Muhammad belonged to which tribe?

A

Quraysh

141
Q

Medina was orignally known as

A

Yathrib

142
Q

During early years, the Prophet enjoined his followers to face _____ for daily prayers

A

Mecca

143
Q

The term “wilayat al faqih” means

A

the guardianship of the jurist/legist

144
Q

ijtihad means

A

learning intellectual reasoning by using sources of Islamic Law

145
Q

The day and time of community prayer in the mosque is

A

Friday-early afternoon

146
Q

Concept of rigid monotheism is known as

A

tawhid

147
Q

Chanting of the names of God is known as

A

dikhr

148
Q

Arabs are said to be descendants of

A

Ishmael

149
Q

Helpers of Medina are known as

A

Ansar

150
Q

Ghaybar al sughra is

A

minor occulation

151
Q

Naqshbandi

A

name of one of the sufi groups

152
Q

Hasan is

A

grandson of Muhammad, son of Ali

153
Q

Shi’ites are

A

the group of Muslims that are partisans of Ali

154
Q

term used to refer to tanakh in medieval times..

A

Miqra

155
Q

euphonic recitation of the quran

A

tajwid

156
Q

one who can trace ancestry to muhammad

A

Sayyid

157
Q

Muslim ritual prayer is known as

A

Salat

158
Q

Who practices their dhikr in the form of a dance

A

The Mawlawi

159
Q

According to Muslim tradition, Ka’aba was built by….

A

Ishmael and Abraham

160
Q

what is the term given to islamic law?

A

fiqh

161
Q

What is sharia?

A

a law that enfores the importance of what god expects/wants from each one of his followers

162
Q

According to Islam traditions, who was the founder of the scientific method?

A

Ibn Rushd Haytham

163
Q

Who were the first 4 caliphs?

A
  1. Abu Bakr
  2. Umar
  3. Uthman
  4. Ali
164
Q

Who abolished the caliphate?when?

A

The turks; 1923

165
Q

Who are the shia’s?

A

supporters of Ali the caliph

166
Q

Friday early afternoon prayer is known as

A

Dhuhr

167
Q

mosque that holds friday prayer (and others) is known as

A

Jaa’mi

168
Q

2 civil wars

A

sunni vs shia

iran vs iraq

169
Q

women’s head cover (according to quran) is known as ______ many refer to it as ______-

A

khimar; hijab

170
Q

those who follow esoteric mystic paths are

A

sufis

171
Q

grandfather of Muhammad

A

Abdul Muttalib

RELS 101 SDSU (4 decks)

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