Christianity & Islam Flashcards
1
Q
What religion did Chrisitianity emerge from? When?
A
Judaism, in the 1st century CE
2
Q
Who were the Saudducees
A
a Jewish sect or party of the time of Jesus Christ that denied the resurrection of the dead, the existence of spirits, and the obligation of oral tradition, emphasizing acceptance of the written Law alone.
3
Q
Which sector of Jewish society was criticized for focusing more on rituals than the social welfare of the community?
A
The Sauddecees
4
Q
Who were the Pharisees?
A
Another Jewish sect that claimed to follow the laws of Moses and the oral set of commandments
5
Q
Who usually belonged to the Pharisees?
A
Rabbis, Scribes and low level priests
6
Q
Who attempted to overthrow Roman rule?
A
The Zealots
7
Q
Who were the Zealots led by?
A
Jude of Gailee
8
Q
Who prophesied the coming of the messiah?
A
John the Baptist
9
Q
Which jewish sect was John the Baptist assumed to be in?
A
The Essenes
10
Q
Jesus of Nazareth was born to a _________ family around the time of ___ BCE
A
Jewish , 4
11
Q
According to the book __________ is the world’s largest religion
A
Christianity
12
Q
t/f Jesus produced writings of his life and teachings (the bible)
A
False, he produced no known writings. His later followers wrote about his life and purpose even after his death
13
Q
Jesus died ___ BCE
A
30
14
Q
Gospels literally means
A
good news
15
Q
What does Emmanuel literally mean?
A
God is with us
16
Q
Early Chrisitan writings: In 50 BCE, a collection of letters was written by ____________
A
Paul of Tarsus
17
Q
What were the 4 gospels?
A
Gospels of:
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
These are important because they mark Jesus’ birth, life, teachings and death.
18
Q
Where was Jesus born according to the Gospels?
A
Galilee
19
Q
At what age was Jesus baptized? by whom?
A
30 and he was baptized by John the Baptist
20
Q
What is the order of the synoptic gospels? (older to youngest)
A
Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Matthew and finally Gospel of Luke
21
Q
What is meant by synoptic gospel?
A
similar sequences and events
22
Q
How many synoptic gospels are there (of the 4)?
A
3- Mark, Matthew and Luke
23
Q
Which gospel is excluded from the 3 synoptic gospels?
A
John
24
Q
Which gospels refers to Jesus as Christ?
A
John
25
What idea does Gnosticism embrace?
they had the belief that secret knowledge had been passed on by Jesus to certain chosen followers
26
The Pharisees considered Jesus' claims to be able to forgive sins __________.
blasphemous
27
TO avoid conflict, what did Pontius Pilate do?
Arrest Jesus
28
Jesus was crucified under ________ law
Roman
29
The Nazarenes were those who ______________.
spread Jesus' teachings
30
Why is Paul one of the most important figures in the spread of Christianity?
Initially known as Saul of Tarsus, he was a Pharisee who persecuted and murdered the followers of Jesus. After having a direct and personal encounter with God (risen Jesus) he converted and was renamed Paul of Tarsus.
31
t/f Paul eventually was executed by Roman authority (Orders of Nero)
true
32
Which emperor issued an edict of "toleration" towards the Christians?
Emperor Galerius
33
Which emperor granted freedom of worship to Christians?What was this edict called?
Emperor Constantine: the Edict of Milan
34
Which emperor made Christianity an official religion and forced conversion?
Emperor Theodosius
35
What was the organization of early christianity (hierarchal)
officials were the priests who preached, taught and conducted sacraments
Deacons served the priests
Bishops managed the Deacons and Preists
36
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Which group (from the hierarchy of early christianity) was known as the direct successors to the apostles?
(deacons, bishops, or priests)
```
The Bishops
37
What defines a Patriarch?
A bishop responsible for an important city
38
Which emperor wanted to be baptized right before death in order to die in a "state of sinless grace"?
Emperor Constantine
39
What is meant by caesaropapism?
It is a term to describe Constantine's position as king and pope
40
Other than the freedom to practice religion, what is Constantine known for?
He used his power to intervene in theology and define orthodoxy/heresy
41
What is heresy
belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.
42
Who was the first council for christians?
Council of Nicaea
43
What was the name of the bishop that believed Jesus had been a mortal human being
Arius
44
What was the name of the bishop that believed Jesus was equally Human and divine
Athanasius
45
Which view was accepted in defining the exact nature of god? Arius or Athanasius?
Athanasius
46
Who built the first church in Rome?
Peter
47
What was the Great Schism of 1054 CE?
Argument about the relationship between God, Hesus and the Holy Spirit
48
Roman Catholicism is in the _____ while Orthodox Christianity is in the _____
(north,south,east,west)
west, east
49
Who was the first to complete a translation of the bible into Latin?
St. Jerome
50
What is monasticism?
Devoting life to spirituality
51
What was the Bishop of Augustine of Hippo known for?
- wrote a book (confessions) about his transition to Chrisitianity
- embraced the idea of God,Jesus and the Holy spirit being one
- developed the idea of original sin
52
What were examples of ascetic practices?
extreme fasting, celibacy, self-inflicted beatings, physical denial
53
Who defeated the Muslim invaders? When? Where?
Charles Martel defeated Muslim invaders in 732 CE at the Battle of tours (France)
54
Who is the most important ruler of the Carolingian Empire?
Charlemagne (Martel's Grandson)
55
What is simony?
selling of church offices
56
Who were the Cistercians
white monks (robes were not dyed) who lived in isolation- lived with the practice of manual labor and prayer
57
Who founded the Cistercians?
Robert of Molesmes
58
WHo is the most famous modern day Cistercian?
Thomas Merton
59
What does the Lateran Synod of 1059 state?
cardinals were the only members of church with enough power to elect popes
60
What is mysticism?
Direct/personal experience with God
61
What is the most popular sacrament?
Eucharist
62
What is the term given for the symbol of the bread and wine as body and blood of Christ?
transubstantiation
63
What is a mendicant order?
action of relying on begging and charity due to the practice of poverty. Many believe one could be liberated by embracing poverty
64
Who were the Franciscans? Who was the founder?
A mendicant order founded by Francis of Assisi
65
Another name for the Franciscan order is...
Begging Brotherhood
66
What is stigmata?
a term used in Christian mysticism to describe the manifestations of bodily wounds, scars and pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ
67
Who was known for the act of stigmata?
Francis of Assisi
68
Mary's perpetual virginity was asserted in the _________ while the ____________ claimed her body was taken up to heaven
doctrine of virgin birth; doctrine of the Assumption
69
What is the name of the group that was named the Black Friars?
Mendicant Dominican Order
70
What were the most popular heresies in the Middle Ages?
Waldensian and Cathar
71
t/f Most cathars were vegetarians
true
72
which group of heresy believed the material body was evil and a "prison"?
Cathars
73
Jews were seen as _________
Christ Killers
74
What are indulgences?
purchase of prayers that earn early release from purgatory
75
What were the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther called a debate about the legitimacy of indulgences and included 95 arguments known as this.
76
Who argues that confession to priests is not necessary?
Martin Luther
77
The Lutheran Church split from...
Roman Catholicism
78
Anabaptists did not believe in _____ baptism
infant
79
This reformation group is known to challenge Martin Luther and was founded by John Calvin
Calvinism
80
Calvinism influenced the development of _____________ Christianity
Protestant
81
Who split from the Catholic Church due to the restriction of divorce?
Henry VIII (8th) founder of the Angelic Church
82
What is the Council of Trent? What is the date?
Used to address reform and redefine the Catholic faith (1545)
83
What did the Quakers assert? Who was their founder?
They believed priests and others were unnecessary to salvation. Their founder was George Fox
84
What was Deism?
It stripped the religion of supernatural elements and believed in more of a scientific approach. They did not believe in virgin birth, miracles or mysticism
85
Who founded the Church of the Latter Day Saints?
Joseph Smith; founder of Mormons
86
What do Mormons abstain from?
Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, Tithe
87
Evangelicals give priority to what?
direct personal experiences of God
88
Which group of Evangelicals resist history or science correlated with faith and the Bible?
Fundamentalists
89
What are televangelists
Using tv radio and internet to reach large audiences
90
What was the Council of Nicea?
Gathering held in 325 that defined orthodox belief
91
What is Iconoclasm
Rejections of the use of icons in worship
92
What is the idea of predestination where is it from?
Idea that our fate was determined before creation. Emerged from Calvinism
93
What is the New Roman Hierarchy?
```
Jesus
Apostles
Bishops
Priests
Deacons
```
94
What language of mass and Bible did Lutheran fight for?
German
95
According to Luther, how does the Church make money?
By having priests not marry
96
Lutheran was excommunicated and the church broke up into the ___a____ church and the ___b______. Then the _____b______ broke up into the _____c_____ and _____d_____.
Lutheran was excommunicated and the church broke up into the Catholic church and the Protestant. Then the Protestants broke up into the Lutherans and Calvinists.
97
What are the 2 movements mentioned that makes Christians look bad?
Fundamentalism and Televangelism
98
Islam was founded by who? When?
Mohammed in the 6th century
99
Who is a muslim?
anyone who accepts the Shahadah "I bear witness that there is no God except God and Mohammed is the messenger" and follows the beliefs/traditions
100
In tribal societies, one gets wisdom at around the age of ___
40
101
What is the Ka'aba?
A worship site (black box building in Mecca) said to contain 360 idols
102
During what years did Muhammad live?
570-632 CE
103
When did Muhammad start preaching?
610 CE
104
To which tribe was Muhammad born into?
Quraysh
105
Briefly explain the death of his loved ones
Father was deceased before birth
Mother died when he was 8
Grandfather died later on Uncle took care of him since
106
What is Islam's scripture?
The Quran
107
Who was Muhammad's wife?
He was employed by a rich widow who later became his wife at around his age of 25 (about 15 year age difference)
108
Where did Muhammad attain his experience with God?
In the cave of Hira, mountains near Mecca.
109
When does time start based on Islamic tradition?
622 CE- flight to Medina
110
What is hafiz (hifz)?
a term used by Muslims for someone who has completely memorized the Qur'an.
111
t/f quran is monotheistic (one god)
true
112
How many times is Moses mentioned?
136
113
Only woman named after a chapter?
Mary
114
What is the difference of incarnation and inliberation
incarnation: word became body (Jesus)
inliberation: word became book (quran)
115
What were the 5 pillars of Islam?
1. Shahada: statement "i bear witness..."
2. Salat: 5 prayers per day
3. Siyam: fasting during Ramadan (from sunrise to sunset= no food, drink or sex)
4. Zakat: Charity -2.5% / year
5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
116
t/f Islam is a religion of law (similar to Judaism)
True
117
What are the sources fo Islamic law?
-Concepts of Quran
-The sunnah/Hadith
sunnah:the body of literature which discusses and prescribes the traditional customs and practices of the Islamic community, both social and lega
Hadith:a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad which, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna)
118
Why do Muslims recognize ethiopia?
When Muhammad and his early followers were being persecuted, Ethiopian forces let them seek refuge, as they had similar belief systems
119
Why did Muhammad and Abu Kabr flee Mecca? Was it significant? What is the term for it?
Because there were people plotting his death. This occurred in the year 622 and was so important that the Muslim calendar starts here. This flight is known as the Hijrah
120
Those who fled Mecca to go to Medina were known as ? Once arrived to Medina they were given the term?
Muhajirun: the emigrants and once arrived they were the Ansar: the helpers
121
Islam literally means_____ but it symbolizes one's _______
to seek to become whole and perfect; symbolizes one's submission to God
122
Tawhid adopts the concept of monotheism and states
God has no partners; not humans share in divinity
123
The Hebrew Bible is known as
Miqra
124
The quran contains ____ chapters known as _____
114; suras
125
Normally, people practice and recite the quran to the original language which is...
Arabic
126
t/f inliberation means that god is manifested in the quran
true
127
The act of reciting the Quran a specfic way with specific tones is called
Tajwid
128
What is Wudu?
Preparation for 5 daily prayers (salat)
129
What is another word for fasting during Ramadan?
Sawm
130
What is mimesis?
Action by imitation
131
The 1st chapter of the Quran is..
Fatiha
132
Those who relocated to Medina were known as
Muhajirun
133
What is umra?
Visit to Mecca where only SOME of the rites of Hajj are performed
134
The hadith is defined as
That which is attributed to the prophet in terms of word,deed and tacit approval
135
The creedal testimony is known as
Shahada
136
1st Leader of Muslims after Muhammad's Death
Abu Bakr
137
What does Haeresium fera mean?
mother of all heresies
138
Root meaning of Quran
to recite
139
The Muslim Calender begins in the year of which event?
Flight to Medina
140
Muhammad belonged to which tribe?
Quraysh
141
Medina was orignally known as
Yathrib
142
During early years, the Prophet enjoined his followers to face _____ for daily prayers
Mecca
143
The term "wilayat al faqih" means
the guardianship of the jurist/legist
144
ijtihad means
learning intellectual reasoning by using sources of Islamic Law
145
The day and time of community prayer in the mosque is
Friday-early afternoon
146
Concept of rigid monotheism is known as
tawhid
147
Chanting of the names of God is known as
dikhr
148
Arabs are said to be descendants of
Ishmael
149
Helpers of Medina are known as
Ansar
150
Ghaybar al sughra is
minor occulation
151
Naqshbandi
name of one of the sufi groups
152
Hasan is
grandson of Muhammad, son of Ali
153
Shi'ites are
the group of Muslims that are partisans of Ali
154
term used to refer to tanakh in medieval times..
Miqra
155
euphonic recitation of the quran
tajwid
156
one who can trace ancestry to muhammad
Sayyid
157
Muslim ritual prayer is known as
Salat
158
Who practices their dhikr in the form of a dance
The Mawlawi
159
According to Muslim tradition, Ka'aba was built by....
Ishmael and Abraham
160
what is the term given to islamic law?
fiqh
161
What is sharia?
a law that enfores the importance of what god expects/wants from each one of his followers
162
According to Islam traditions, who was the founder of the scientific method?
Ibn Rushd Haytham
163
Who were the first 4 caliphs?
1. Abu Bakr
2. Umar
3. Uthman
4. Ali
164
Who abolished the caliphate?when?
The turks; 1923
165
Who are the shia's?
supporters of Ali the caliph
166
Friday early afternoon prayer is known as
Dhuhr
167
mosque that holds friday prayer (and others) is known as
Jaa'mi
168
2 civil wars
sunni vs shia
| iran vs iraq
169
women's head cover (according to quran) is known as ______ many refer to it as ______-
khimar; hijab
170
those who follow esoteric mystic paths are
sufis
171
grandfather of Muhammad
Abdul Muttalib
