Chptr 20- Aerial Apparatus Strategies And Tactics Flashcards
_______ are the actual procedures and actions taken to successfully carry out strategies.
Tactics
___________ __________ represent the overall plans needed to successfully mitigate an emergency and terminate an incident.
Operational strategies
In an ideal situation, the best rescue approach is made from ______ on level grade and without obstructions.
Upwind
If possible, the driver/operator should position aerial apparatus used for rescue at the _______ of the building.
Corner
Two advantages to positioning at a corner
You can potentially reach victims on two sides of a building
You are potentially safer on the corner if a structural collapse occurs.
The preferred method for using protective hose lines, protecting the rescuers and the aerial device from fire,is to use a ____-_____ ___ stream to cool and/or protect the aerial device and personnel while the rescue operation is in progress.
Wide-angle fog
If the victim is to be lifted over the top rail of the elevating platform, the driver/operator should position the apparatus so that the _________ is directly in line with the target, if possible.
Turntable
If the victim enters the elevating platforms hinged gate, the turntable must be positioned a little ______ or ______ the target because the platform gates are typically on the side of the platform, therefore the platform must be raised at an angle to the target to provide safe access to all gates.
Forward or behind
Typically, occupants located on or immediately _____ the fire floor will be in the greatest danger
Above
Ff’ers should not pass up those in greatest danger just to rescue a _______ person who is in a safe area.
Panicked
Rescuers should give preference to individuals who are in a _______ state and appear ready to jump if they do not see that help is imminent.
Panicked
The ______ priority for rescue incidents involves multiple victims who may be located in different parts of the building.
Second
The ______ priority for rescue incidents involves the remainder of people in the fire area.
Third
In a worst case scenario, it is best to rescue the _______ number of people possible, given the time available
Largest
The ______ priority for rescue incidents is the people in the exposed area.
Fourth
Building occupants on the ____ floor are in the greatest amount of danger.
Fire
Raising an aerial device to a victim.
The best position is one in which the extended and rotated aerial device is _____________ to the objective.
Perpendicular
If an aerial ladder is designed to be in the unsupported position, the tip should be placed (barely) _____ the target spot according to the manufacturers recommendations, this prevents the ladder from coming into contact with building as people climb or descend without placing excessive stress on the device.
Above
In older apparatus designed to be used in the supported position, _____________ positioning allows for maximum load carrying capabilities when both base rails are evenly in contact with the supporting object.
Perpendicular
When maneuvering aerial device to reach a victim, the aerial device should be initially aimed _____ the victim and then _______.
Above
Lowered
When using the aerial ladder (for window rescue), the first rung of the ladder tip should be placed ____ with the windowsill.
Even
When using aerial platforms for window rescue, most fd’s prefer that the platform be placed so that the ___ ____ of the platform is even with the windowsill, this way victims can board directly into the platform feet first
Top rail
Engaging the _________ _____ is an important step in making the device a rigid structure if so equipped.
Extension lock
When removing trapped victims from a roof, the tip of the aerial ladder should be placed so that at least _ feet extends above the edge of the roof.
6
Aerial platforms should be placed so that the bottom of the platform is just _____ and ____ the edge of the roof.
(Positioning an aerial device for rescue from a roof)
Above and over
When rescuing victims off of parapet style roofs, it may be necessary to use ____ _______ to get over the parapet to the aerial device
Roof ladders
Vertical extension of an exterior wall, and sometimes an interior firewall, above the roof of a building.
Parapet wall
If a parapet is structurally sound, the roof ladder should rest against the _______ rather than the ______ ______.
Parapet
Aerial ladder
When dealing with parapets, ___________ _____ devices are advantageous over ___________ devices
Articulating aerial
Telescoping
Wire or plastic basket-type litter suitable for transporting patients from locations where a standard litter would not be easily secured, such as a pile of rubble, a structural collapse, or the upper floor of a building; may be used with a harness for lifting
Stokes basket
After properly positioning the aerial ladder, at least ___ and preferably ___ ff’ers should be assigned to assist the victims in boarding and descending the ladder.
One
Two
_______ ______ should be guided down the ladder under their own power.
Capable adults
Infants or small children may be _______ in the ff’ers arms as the ff’ers descends the ladder.
Cradled
Small children and adults incapable of climbing down the ladder themselves will have to be _______ or supported.
Carried
Large victims will require the ff’er to use other methods of carrying. A desirable method may be the “____-___” method.
This method is best for a heavier person who is conscious and able to control his or her movements but is not strong enough to descend under his or her own power.
Knee-sit
______ method for moving victims down aerials is uniquely useful for unconscious or severely injured victims who are not able to physically assist in their own rescue. (Moving them down on your arms, your arms on the top beams)
Second
A _____ alternative is the over-the-shoulder carry. This carry is the most difficult and most risky since the FF will only have one hand available for stability while descending the ladder.
Should only be performed with a safety ff’er descending just below the ff’er carrying the victim
Third
Moving victims in aerial platforms.
One ff’er lowers the aerial device to the ground to unload the victims. The 2nd ff’er, if available, should remain at the _______ point to calm and reassure the remaining victims while the platform is being unloaded and returned to the rescue point.
Loading
_ ff’ers are required to remove unconscious victims
2
Lowering a basket using an aerial ladder.
When it isn’t possible to carry a litter down the stairs, there are _ methods of lowering a stokes basket with aerial ladder.
The easiest method is to _____ the basket down the ladder using 1 of 2 ways
-Best way being litter fitting between the rails and sliding down the rungs.
-#2’nd way being litter on top of hand rails, perpendicular to the ladder, guiding down by a ff’er.
2nd method being using the aerial ladder as part of a rope lowering system for removing victims in basket litters from elevated positions.
Lower
Aerials can be used as a high point anchor only as a ____ _____
Last resort
Standard on life safety rope and equipment for emergency services
NFPA 1983
Standard on operations and training for technical search and rescue incidents
NFPA 1670
The _______ end of the ropes should never be anchored to other parts of the apparatus, to static structures, or to objects on the ground.
Working
Aerial devices for water rescue. Two most common scenarios include vehicles that have been driven into high water across __________ and removing people who have become trapped on a ____ or similar object in a rain-swollen, fast moving body of water.
Roadways
Tree
1st safety issue that affects aerial apparatus at water rescue incidents is the lack of …….
-It is usually necessary to spot the apparatus a ___ ____ away from the waters edge
Lack of a suitable location to adequately stabilize the apparatus.
Few feet
Another safety issue that makes the us of aerial apparatus dangerous for water rescues is the potential for the aerial device to
Come in contact with swiftly moving water causing excessive lateral force
Anyone working near the water must wear a
PFD
When providing access for ventilating a flat roof, the driver/operator should position the apparatus on the ________ side of the structure as close as possible to the area being ventilated.
Unburned
Extend the fly sections so that a minimum of _ feet protrudes over the edge of the roof
6
When using an elevated platform for ventilation, the bottom of the platform should be positioned ____ ____ or extended ________ ____ the roof’s edge, allowing ff’ers to easily exit and enter the platform.
Even with
Slightly over
It is _____ to ladder the tip of the aerial ladder or platform rather than rely on the integrity of the parapet wall.
Safer
When possible, it is a good idea to ladder the roof from _ different sides to permit an alternate route of escape in the event the crew is cut off from the first aerial device during ventilation operations
2
If ff’ers can not safely operate on the roof, __________ or _____ ventilation can be accomplished with aerial devices.
Horizontal or cross
Ff’ers doing horizontal ventilation from platform must be
Secured to the ladder or platform with a safety belt
When breaking windows to provide cross ventilation, position the aerial device slightly _____ the window and to the ______ side
Above
Upwind
Elevated master streams are most commonly used in _________ operations
Defensive
When a defensive attack is employed, the risk of ________ ________ must be considered.
Building collapse
The driver/operator is responsible for applying elevated water stream as _______, ________, and ____________ as possible
Smoothly
Quickly
Efficiently
When using an elevated master stream in a _____ attack, the driver/operator should position the apparatus to give the fire stream as much reach into the fire area as possible.
Goal will be to place the nozzle in the lower portion of the window opening so the fire stream may be directed upwards towards the ceiling.
Blitz
When crews are working inside the building, never perform _________ fire attacks using master streams, including the aerial device.
External
A recommended tactic is to direct the master stream at the _______ of the target fire area
Ceiling
___ nozzles are able to break up the water to allow better steam conversion
Drawback to these nozzles is they they do not provide the reach and penetrate often needed to reach the seat of an intense fire.
Can be set to straight stream in order to closely emulate the performance of a solid stream nozzle
Fog
_____ streams provide excellent penetration into fire areas
-are not as affected by wind conditions nor are they as effective for rapid steam conversion as are fog streams.
Best application are for reaching fires deeply seated within a building or for defensively attacking, large, well developed fires from a relatively long distance.
Solid
It is generally not practical to discharge _______ ____ through an elevated master stream appliance.
Aerated foam
-To aggressively attack a fire from exterior with a large diameter (2.5” or larger) fire stream.
Often conducted with elevated master streams when the fire is on upper stories and while ff’ers are preparing to enter the building.
_____ attack can be initiated by an elevated master stream as an offensive attack, best way is to deflect water off the ceiling of the fire room, nozzle being located about even with the bottom of the window. This position allows water to enter an area at an angle of __ degrees
Blitz attack
30
Ensure that no ff’ers or victims are on the fire floor when the outside _______ are directed into the building.
Streams
Water adds weight to the structure at the rate of ____ lbs for every 250gpm.
2000
Exterior fire attack that is limited to controlling the spread of a fire, with an emphasis on exposure protection.
Defensive attack
If possible, position the apparatus on the ________ side of the building
Unburned
Using the aerial as an ________ ________ may be necessary when their is an interior fire on an upper floor and the building does not have an operable standpipe system
Exterior standpipe
An ________ is defined as a structure or separate part of the fireground to which the fire may spread, such as a carport, automobile, or stack of hay. Fire spreads to these ________(s) by __________, __________, or _________
Exposure Exposure Conduction Convection Radiation
____ enhances the effects of radiated and convection heat transfer, and fast moving burning embers
Wind
Water can be sprayed onto an aerial device to protect it from ______ heat
Radiant
A fog stream sprayed into a thermal column can help reduce the amount of _________ heat that can spread to exposures.
Convection
When possible, a ___ pattern will allow for maximum, coverage of the exposure.
Fog
________ and _____ streams must be constantly maneuvered to cover the entire surface of a structure for exposure protection
Straight and solid
First option of rescuing victims of all larger commercial passenger and some military aircraft, use the equipped ______ ______ or ______ at exit door openings
Escape chutes or slides
Second best option for rescuing victims from an aircraft is to place a set of ________ ______ at the exit doors of the aircraft
Portable stairs
If neither option 1 or 2 for aircraft rescue is available, an ______ ______ may be the next best option for performing rescues
Aerial device
The surface of a wing is ________ during dry conditions
Slippery
________ _______ are especially helpful in extinguishing hard-to-reach fires and cargo aircraft fires.
Piercing nozzles
Aerial ladders with detachable ladder pipe nozzle.
Secure the hose to center of the ladder rungs with lashing every __ to __ ft
15 to 20ft
When using the aerial ladder, the ______ rung of the ladder tip should be placed even with the windowsill
First
An aerial device should not me moved and repositioned if it is being used an an _________ escape on a multistory incident
Emergency
The twisting stresses imposed on the aerial device are _______ when the aerial device is positioned perpendicular to the objective
Reduced
A _ section, aka two knuckle, articulating devices are especially effective at rescuing victims behind parapet walls
3
____-___-_______ carry is the most difficult and most risky since the ff’er will only have 1 hand avl for stability while defending
Over the shoulder carry
Moving victims down an aerial platform may be easier,but it is ______ and not suited for mass ___________ from a single point.
Slower
Evacuations
It is recommended that fd’s ___________ the use of aerial apparatus for water rescue
Discourage
BEST reason why fd’s should discourage the use of devices for water rescue, inability to _________ the _________
Inability to stabilize the apparatus
An aerial device is not meant to be a _________ ram or forcible entry tool of any kind
Battering
_______ are often used to place ff’ers on the roof or to provide access to upper story windows.
Aerials
Before exiting the aerial device onto a roof, the ff’er should ______ it with a long forcible entry tool, such as a rubbish hook.
Sound
When a defensive attack is employed, the risk of ________ ________ must be considered.
Building collapse
Positioning an apparatus at a safe distance from the structure must be balanced with the distance of the fire stream reaching the ____ __ ___ ____
Seed of the fire
It is important to ensure that any nozzles used in aerial operations are compatible with the _______________ designed waterway
Manufacturer’s
When using an aerial device as a master stream close to ground level, the driver should position the apparatus so the turntable is directly __-____ with the target
In-line
An aerial device may be used as a master stream device at ______ level
Ground
Ensure that no ff’ers or victims are on the fire floor when ______ streams are being directed into the building (blitz attack)
Outside
When elevated master streams are used in a blitz attack, they should only be flowed long enough to ______ ____ the fire.
_________ should be then advanced into the fire area for final extinguishment
Darken down
Hand lines
The objective if a _________ attack is to contain the fire within a specified area.
Defensive
Most commonly a _____ or _______ stream will be required to reach the seat of a fire
Solid or straight
____ reduces the potential for fire spread
Rain
Wind ________ the effects of radiated and convection heat transfer
Enhances
In exposure protection ops, ___ ________ nozzle patterns are generally used to convert the involved area
Wide sweeping
For evacuating off of a plane, all ladders should be positioned to the ____ of the entry doors
Aft (rear)
Aerials can be used for _______ standpipes on ________ aircraft fires and providing platforms for forcible entry and mechanical ventilation. (PPV)
Elevated
Interior
