Chptr 16- Intro To Aerial Fire Apparatus Flashcards
All aerial apparatus should meet the design requirements of NFPA ____, Standard for automotive fire apparatus
1901
NFPA ____ groups aerial devices into three basic categories
1901
Aerial ladders
Elevating platforms
Water towers
Fire fighting vehicle equipped with a hydraulically operated ladder, elevating platform, or other similar device for the purpose of placing personnel and/or water streams in elevated positions
Aerial apparatus
An aerial _________ is unique because it is equipped with one of several varieties of ______ _______.
Apparatus, Aerial devices.
General term used to describe the hydraulically operated ladder or elevating platform attached to a specifically designed fire apparatus
Aerial device
______ ______ devices may be mounted on a straight chassis in either a rear or mid-mount configuration, or on a tillered trailer.
Aerial ladder
Trailer equipped with steerable rear wheels
Tillered trailer
Assembly of bracing bars or rods in triangular shapes that form a rigid framework for the aerial device.
Aerial ladder truss
The bottom section of the aerial ladder is referred to as the ____ section.
Base (or bed)
The section and subsequent sections that extend beyond the base sections are called the ___ sections
Extendable section of ground extension or aerial ladder
Fly
Two most common materials for construction of aerial ladders are ___________ ________ ______ and _____.
Heat-treated aluminum alloy, steel
The fabricated structural members may be fastened by ______, or the entire truss segment may be ______ (steel) or _________ (aluminum alloy).
Rivets, welded, heliarced
The ____ _____ are the lower chords of the aerial ladder to which the rungs, trusses, and other portions of the ladder are attached.
Base rails, commonly called beams
___ _____ are the top chords to which the opposite ends of the trussing are attached
Top rails, also called the handrails
The _____ are the portions that are attached between the two base rails and are used as steps for personnel on the aerial ladder.
Rungs
Rungs with “_________” are stronger than older designs
K-bracing
NFPA ____ establishes the number of sections and the minimum reach required of an aerial apparatus.
NFPA ____ establishes requirements for dimensions of sections and structural members of the aerial ladder.
1901
Device that transfers the center of gravity of an apparatus and prevents it from tipping as the aerial device, hydraulic lifting boom, gin pole, or A-frame is extended away from the centerline of the chassis.
Stabilizer, a.k.a. Outrigger, stabilizing jack
Today, all new aerial devices and virtually all stabilizers are _____________ activated
hydraulically
The function of the _________ system is to provide power for operating the various hydraulic components needed to stabilize the apparatus and operate the aerial device
Hydraulic
A hydraulic system has four main components.
Actuators
Hydraulic fluid
Hydraulic pump
Hydraulic reservoir
_________ ______ is the medium by which the system transmits force.
Hydraulic fluid
Force is created on the fluid by a _________ ____.
Hydraulic pump
The pump is powered by a ______________ arrangement off the vehicles main engine
Power-take-off (PTO)
Hydraulic fluid is practically ______________
The fluid may be under pressures of _____psi or more
Incompressible
3,500
Type of tubes and hoses used on hydraulic system
Steel tubing and aircraft-type steel-braided lines
Hydraulic hose must be rated to withstand pressures _ times greater than normal operating pressure
4
Hydraulic fluid is supplied to components above the rotation point of the turntable through a ____ _________ _________ ______ assembly to permit continuous rotational capability of the device
High pressure hydraulic swivel
_____ valves prevent fluid from flowing backward through a component and act as a safety feature in the event that a leak develops in the system
Check
______ valves limit the pressure built up in the system, thus preventing damage due to over-pressurization.
Relief
Three-way valve on a fire department aerial apparatus that directs oil to either stabilizer control valves or the aerial device control valves.
By blocking the system not in use, the _________ valve acts as an interlock to prevent the stabilization and aerial device systems from operating at the same time.
Selector valve, a.k.a. Diverter valve/transfer valve
Hydraulic cylinders used for elevation and telescopic control of the aerial device and for operating the stabilizers are ______ ______.
Double acting
______ ______ cylinders are capable of receiving oil under pressure from both sides of the piston so that force can be created in either direction
Double acting
_________ ______ convert energy in the system into rotary motion,
Hydraulic motors
There are _ rotary motor systems of the aerial apparatus
One _______ the aerial device through a ring and pinion drive
One operates a _____ drive to extend and retract the aerial device
Two
Rotates
Winch
(As required by NFPA ____) All manufacturers of aerial devices provide an _________ _________ ____ for use in the event of a failure of the main hydraulic pump
Typically, this pump is ran off of __ ____
1901
Auxiliary hydraulic pump
12 volt DC
The use of auxiliary hydraulic pumps should be limited to …
Typically operated for intervals of about _ minute with an equal amount of rest between operations
Bedding the aerial device if a main system failure occurs
1
Most modern aerial apparatus are equipped with hydraulically operated ___________.
Stabilizers (outriggers)
Hydraulic cylinders used to lift the aerial device from its bed to a working position
Hoisting cylinder, aka elevating or lift cylinders
In a hydraulic cylinder, the pivoting end of the piston rod that is connected to the anchor ear by the heel pin
Trunnion
Normal hydraulic pressure in the hoisting cylinder is from ___ to _____psi
850 to 3000psi
On most new aerial apparatus, _________ _________, which are dual cylinders fitted on the base section, extend the first fly section of the aerial device.
First fly section = second section of the device
Extension cylinders
An ______ _____ _________ in fire department jargon may be called the ladder, the truck, the aerial, or sometimes the stick.
-most common type of aerial fire apparatus operated in North America
Aerial ladder apparatus
An ______ ______ is a power-operated ladder that allows firefighters to easily ascend and descend between the tip of the ladder and the turntable for fire fighting or rescue operations.
Aerial ladder
The primary function of the __________ is to provide rotation of the aerial device.
Turntable
In aerial ladders made in North American, the fully extended (working) length ranges from __ to ___ft.
50-137ft (15-40m)
The working height for aerial ladders is measured from
The ground to the highest ladder rung with the ladder at maximum elevation and extension
Main uses of aerial ladders (4)
Rescue Elevated master stream Ventilation Gaining access to upper levels of an emergency scene ((REV-G))
Aerial ladder apparatus that consists of a tractor power unit and trailer section that contains the aerial ladder, ground ladders, and equipment storage areas. The trailer section is steered independently of the tractor nu the tiller operator
Tractor-Drawn Aerial Apparatus (TDA)
A.k.a. Tillered trucks
Driver/operator of the trailer section of a tractor-tiller aerial ladder apparatus
Tillered Operator
The tiller’s ability to be __________ may also aid in stabilization of the apparatus when the aerial device is deployed.
Jackknifed
IFSTA divides the NFPA classification of elevating platform apparatus into 3 distinct types of aerial devices
Aerial ladder platforms (ALP)
Articulating aerial platforms (AAP)
Telescoping aerial platforms (TAP)
Work platform attached to the end of an articulating or telescoping device
Elevating platform
Power-operated ladder, usually employing hydraulics, with a passenger-carrying device attached to the end of the ladder
Aerial ladder platform
An elevating platform equipped with piping systems and nozzles for elevated master stream operations. ___________ ______ _______ are not meant to be climbed and are equipped with a small ladder that is to be used only for escape from the platform in emergency situations
Telescoping aerial platform
Aerial device that consists of two or more booms that are attached with hinges and operate in a folding manner.
A passenger-carrying platform is attached to the working end of the device.
Enables platform to go “up and over” ; esp useful during rescue operations
Articulating aerial platform
An elevated platform ________ ______ is required so that the platform’s position is horizontal to the ground at all times
Leveling system
The required minimum floor area of a platform
14 square feet
Each platform must have a rail completely enclosing the floor area with no opening under the railing greater than __”
24”
Current standards on platforms call for ______ swinging doors
Inward
A _________ is required at floor level and should be _” high.
This _________ prevents the firefighter’s feet from sliding off the platform in case of a slip or fall.
Kick plate, 4”
All elevating platforms are required to have _ operator control stations, 1 @ street level and 1 in the platform
2
Which controls are able to override the other set of controls?
Controls @ street level must be able to override the platform controls
A ____ ______ is built in to protect firefighters on the platform from radiated heat.
Heat shield
NFPA ____ requires that a protective _____ ___ _______ be provided on the bottom of the platform, flowing at least __ gpm.
1901
Water fog curtain
75
All elevating platforms must have a minimum load capacity of ___ lbs when the aerial device is fully extended, at any elevation within its normal range of motion, without water in the piping system.
With water in the system, this load requirement drops to ___ lbs.
750
500
The water delivery system of an elevated platform must be capable of discharging at least ____gpm at ___psi NP when the aerial device is in any position.
1000
100
Elevating platforms that are ___ft or shorter should be able to be raised from the bedded position to the maximum elevation and extension and be rotated 90 degrees in ___ seconds or less.
110
150
There is no time requirement for elevating platforms taller than ___ft
110
All aerial platforms must contain a ______ __________ _____ to attach fall protection equipment
Safety attachment point
______ _______ _______ apparatus feature a work platform attached to the end of the aerial ladder.
This design combines the safety of working from a platform with a climbable aerial ladder, commonly ranging in __ to ___ft.
Aerial ladder platforms (ALP)
85 to 110 ft
What is the most common aerial ladder platform apparatus in service today is the
Straight chassis, three-axle vehicle with rear mounted aerial device.
___________ _______ _________ are not intended for climbing
Common sizes range from __ to ___ ft.
-have 2 more more sections and are made of either ___ ____ construction or _______ _____ ____ construction
Telescoping aerial Platforms (TAP)
75 to 100
Box beam
Tubular truss beam
A mechanically applied rivet used in the construction of some aerial devices
Huck bolt
In ____________ ______ ________, the boom sections are connected by a hinge, folding and unfolding like an elbow, instead of telescoping into each other.
Articulating Aerial Platforms (AAP)
Additional benefit of ____________ ________ _________ is that the assembly enables the platform to go “up and over” into areas that are not accessible with a straight line apparatus.
These range from __ to __ ft
Articulating Aerial Apparatus (AAP)
55 to 85ft
Combination aerial devices range from __ to ___ ft
90 to 174
Aerial device primarily intended for deploying an elevated master stream, not for climbing is called _____ _____
Common sizes for these devices __ to ___
Capable of flows from ____ to ____gpm
Water tower
50 to 130
1000 to 1500
What features must an apparatus have to be considered a quint?
NFPA ____ establishes features that an apparatus must have in order to qualify as a quint
Water tank Fire pump Aerial device or elevated platform Ground ladders Supply and attack hoses (WFAGS) (with fags)
1901
On most aerial devices the ____, ______, & _____ (if present) sections of the aerial device are extended and retracted by a system of cables and pulleys.
Aerials using main cable drum may be powered ___________, _____________, or _______________ depending on the make of the apparatus
Third, fourth, fifth
Mechanically, hydraulically, electronically
Rotational structural component of the aerial device
-primary function to provide continuous rotation on a horizontal plane.
Turntable
Most control pedestals have _ separate levers used to control _________, ________, and _________. In that order from ____ to ____
3
Elevation
Rotation
Extension
Right to left
A safety device that prevents a component from functioning when another component is functioning
- required by NFPA ____
Interlock device
1901
Examples of interlock devices
Stabilizer/aerial functioning Body cab collision Rotation interlock (short jack)- aerial device will not rotate over the side that stabilizers are not fully deployed Maximum elevation slow down- slows down before maximum extension/elevation Cab interlock- can not lift cab while engine is running
Two types of pre-piped waterway systems
Bed ladder systems
Telescoping waterway systems, most common type.
Nontelescoping section of pipe attached to the underside of the bed section of the aerial ladder for the purpose of deploying an elevated master stream.
Usually 3 or 3.5”
May be operated from the ground through the use of ropes
Bed ladder pipe
Most modern aerial ladders are equipped with ___________ _________
Minimum internal diameter of these piping systems _”
Most are capable of flows up to ____gpm
Telescoping waterways
4”
1000
Some telescoping pre-piped waterway systems allow the operator to secure or ___ the master stream monitor to two locations along the device (Sanibel)
Ladder must be fully retracted and waterway uncharged before the operator adjusts the ___ locations.
Pin
Main components of detachable ladder pipe are
Fire hose
Ladder pipe
Hose straps
Siamese application
Detachable ladder pipes are limited to ___gpm or less using a 3” or 3.5” hoseline
750
A twisting action or an applied force resulting in a rotation twist
Torsional stress
Hose appliance that has two or more female inlets and a single male outlet
-has clapper valves
Siamese Appliance
Hose appliance with one female inlet and two or more male outlets
Wye
Counterforce directed against a person holding a nozzle or device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.
Nozzle reaction
Detachable Ladder pipe appliances restrict the sideways movement of the nozzle to about __ degrees either side of center
15
_________ ________ waterway system is when the nozzle is located in the platform, rather than being at the end of the ladder.
Elevating platform
Flows up to ____gpm are possible on elevating platform waterway systems
2000
Piercing nozzle at the end of a water tower aerial device can flow up to ___gpm
300 gpm
Ff’ers in the platform must be able to communicate with the aerial operator. This system must be “_____-____” at the tip of the ladder or in the platform.
Transmitter/receiver at the aerial operator position does not have to be a _____-____ type unit.
Hands-free
NFPA ____ requires a two-way communication system on all aerial device apparatus.
1901
Fixed _________ ___ _______ allow one or more ff’ers operating at the tip of the aerial device to breathe clean air without the need to don a standard scba
Fixed breathing air system
Standard on breathing air quality for emergency services respiratory protection
NFPA 1989
__________ are the most common power source used for emergency services and can be portable or fixed to the apparatus
Generators
Advantages & disadvantages of inverters
Efficiency
Low or non existent noise
Disadvantages- small capacities, limited mobility from the vehicle
________ ___________are extremely useful when electric power is needed in an area that is not accessible to the vehicle-mounted system
Portable Generators
_______-_______ generators usually have larger capacity than a ________ generator
Vehicle-mounted
Portable
Device designed to protect against electrical shock; when grounding occurs, the device opens a circuit to shut off the flow of electricity.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
Common recommended lengths for electrical power cords should not exceed ___ft per reel or cord.
200
________ _____ may be used when multiple electrical connections are needed.
Can be both 110v and 220v
Junction boxes
The most commonly used tools on aerial apparatus are the _________ ___________ ______.
The 4 types include
Hydraulic powered extrication tools. Spreaders Shears Combination spreader/shears Extension ram
Hose distances of ___ft or greater from the hydraulic pump may have a negative effect on tool operation.
100
Minimum requirement for ground ladders to be carried on aerial apparatus
Attic ladder
Roof ladder
Extension ladder
Many fire agencies choose to carry an extension ladder that is __ft or longer to reach 4th or 5th story windows that are not accessible with the main aerial device.
This type of ladder is called “____” ladders
40
Pole
Two common type of mechanical means to supplement the natural flow of smoke, heat, and gases from a fire building
Exhaust fans (smoke ejectors) Positive pressure blowers
____ ________ are placed in window, door, or roof openings for drawing out heat, smoke, gases by creating a lower pressure inside the fire building
Smoke ejectors
________ ________ vent fans are used to increase the air pressure in a structure and thus force out the by-products of combustion.
Positive pressure
Loss control activities include
Safe driving skills
Water application techniques
Salvage and overhaul
NFPA ___ requires that aerial apparatus to be equipped with multiple _______ ______ and _ scoop shovels to assist with salvage and overhaul efforts.
1901
Salvage covers
2
Since the tiller axel is a steering axel, steering wheel free play should not exceed _” on a __” wheel or __ degrees on any other sized wheel.
2
20
10
Most tiller steering systems can be locked in the ________ ahead position by use of a pin/lever for maintenance so that a single driver can transport the apparatus
Straight
All tractor drawn aerials have ____________ mounted coupling systems attaching the “trailer” to the “tractor” power unit.
This coupling needs sufficient lube
Permanently
If the hydraulic cylinders are ________, the reservoir will read as lower than normal.
Deployed
During visual inspection of the ladder, is recommended that it is in the ________ position.
Extended
_____________ driver/operators should not rotate and extend the device at the same time.
Inexperienced
Some apparatus automatically transfer to aerial mode once the _____________ have been properly set
Stabilizers
Operating a hydraulic pump without allowing flow through the system; this generates a tremendous heat and pressure and can damage components.
Deadheading
EPU stands for
Emergency power unit
Apparatus tests are grouped into two basic categories
All tests should conform to NFPA 1901 and NFPA 1911
Preservice tests
Service tests
_______ tests are conducted on at least a ______ basis while the apparatus is in service
Service
Yearly
______________ testing is conducted every _ years, after accidents, when the aerial device has been subjected to unusual stresses and loads, and following major repairs and overhauls.
Nondestructive
5
The piping that goes through the turntable is equipped with a continuous ______ _____ that allows for 360 degree rotation while _______ _____. Pg 568
Swivel joint
Flowing water
NFPA ____ establishes the number of sections and minimum reach required of an aerial apparatus
1901
Engineers have proven that trusses lend more strength if their assembled members form ________.
Triangles
A properly designed _____ permits tension and compression stresses to be distributed over the length of the ladder for maximum strength with minimum weight.
Truss
The _________ ________ supplies the hydraulic fluid that is moved in and out of the system
Hydraulic reservoir
The ________ allows air, heat, and foreign matter to be eliminated from the fluid before it is reintroduced into the hydraulic system
Reservoir
______ start, stop, regulate, and direct the flow of fluid to control pressure in the system
Valves
______________ valves prevent unintentional or undesirable motion of the device from its established position.
Counterbalance
_________ _________ convert energy in the system into linear mechanical force or motion when pressurized hydraulic oil is directed into a chamber created by fitting a piston into a cylindrical barrel
Hydraulic cylinders
The ________ transforms power into mechanical force.
Actuator
All auxiliary hydraulic pumps should be tested regularly according to manufacturer’s recommendations or in accordance with NFPA ____
1911
Many new hoisting cylinders are equipped with ________ safety valves that lock and hold oil in the cylinder in the event of a leak or a blowout.
Integral
Turntable _____ should be inspected regularly for wear
Bolts
Some aerial devices, particularly water towers, telescoping aerial platforms, and articulating aerial platforms, feature a single “_______” type of control, capable of making all 3 aerial device movements.
Joystick
These 2 types of aerial devices may have ladder control stations located on the rear of the apparatus
Water towers
Small quints
The ______ and _______ allow various sections of the aerial device to extend and retract without causing excessive wear on other parts of the device that come in contact with each other during operation.
Slide and rollers
The top sections of many aerial devices are extended and retracted by ______ and _______
Cables and pulleys
Which type of interlock devices prevents the aerial device from moving into regions where it could make contact with the body or cab?
Body collision interlock
Which interlock device prevents the cab from rising if the engine is running?
Cab interlock
Bed ladder systems are mostly found on _____ aerial systems
Older
Ladders that are ___ft or shorter and equipped with a telescoping water system have piping that extends directly to the tip of the fly section.
110
Always ensure there is no ________ in the waterway before changing the pin location. Always _______ pre-piped monitors before charging with water or they can launch pipe sections through the air.
Pressure
Anchor
The detachable ladder pipe is designed to be clamped to the top ___ rungs of the fly section.
Two
Some water towers are equipped with _____ _______ and ______ _______ at the tip of the aerial device
Video cameras
Thermal imagers
NFPA ____ establishes the requirements to annually test the breathing air system and the quality of stored air.
1911
The driver should inspect power cords _____ for damage to the insulation or connections.
Daily
Unlike tractor suspension systems, tiller systems have ___ ___ suspensions that require additional attention during inspections.
Air bags.
Operational inspection of the aerial device serves two purposes;
Ensure the aerial device is in ……
Second benefit is it serves as….
Proper working order
A review of the aerial device operation to the driver
______________ testing- method of testing metal objects that does not subject them to stress related damage.
Nondestructive
NFPA ____ establishes minimum performance requirements for placing an aerial ladder in service from its transport position.
1901
