Chpter 9 Flashcards
What are the components of language?
Phoneme, Morphemes, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics.
What is a phoneme?
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language (e.g., “cat” has three phonemes: /c/, /a/, /t/).
What is a morpheme?
the smallest unit that carries meaning
What is syntax?
The system that uses word order and grammar to convey meaning.
What is semantics?
The study of how meaning in language is constructed from individual words and sentences.
What is pragmatics in language?
Practical aspects of language use, including speech, gestures, and body language influenced by social norms and culture.
How does language development begin in infants?
it begins as early in the womb they show a preference for listening to speech over non-speech and a familiar language
How do bilingual children compare to monolingual children in vocabulary?
Bilingual children may have smaller vocabularies in each language but show advantages in cognitive flexibility, reasoning, and selective attention.
What are the basic language development milestones by age 1?
Infants coo by 2 months, babble by 6 months, and say their first words around 1 year old.
What happens to language recognition around 10 months of age?
Babies lose the ability to hear sounds not present in their surrounding language.
At what age do children begin asking “why” questions?
Around 3 years old, as they start to understand pragmatics and use more nuanced expressions.
What is “telegraphic speech”?
Speech by toddlers that involves short, sensible word combinations (e.g., “Mamma come”).
What is the vocabulary range of children aged 5-6 years?
Children at this age have vocabularies ranging from 8,000 to 14,000 words.
What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis propose?
It suggests that language shapes how we think and perceive the world, as different languages have unique vocabularies and concepts.
What is the nativist theory of language development?
Proposed by Noam Chomsky, it suggests humans have an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and are born with a predisposition to learn grammar.
What is the interactionist theory of language development?
It combines nature and nurture, suggesting that both biological maturation and social interaction contribute to language development.
What is the behaviourist theory of language development?
Proposed by B.F. Skinner, it argues that language is learned through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning.
What is an algorithm in problem-solving?
A methodical, logical procedure that guarantees a solution.
What are some types of thought
Controlled processing, automatic processing, mental imagery, reasoning, cognitive control, and metacognition.
What are the key properties of language?
Language is symbolic, semantic, generative, and structured.
What is a heuristic in problem-solving?
A simpler, faster thinking strategy that often leads to errors but speeds up decision-making.
What is the availability heuristic?
Judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
What is the representativeness heuristic?
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Judging a situation or person based on how closely it matches a prototype or category.
What is functional fixedness in problem-solving?
The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions, which can hinder problem-solving.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to search for information that confirms one’s beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
What are unnecessary constraints in problem-solving?
Assumptions that people impose on themselves, which limit the solutions they consider.
What is the relationship between language and thought?
Language provides the framework for how we express and develop thoughts.
Mental set:
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
