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Psych Exam 2 > Chpter 9 > Flashcards

Chpter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of language?

A

Phoneme, Morphemes, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics.

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2
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language (e.g., “cat” has three phonemes: /c/, /a/, /t/).

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3
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

the smallest unit that carries meaning

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4
Q

What is syntax?

A

The system that uses word order and grammar to convey meaning.

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5
Q

What is semantics?

A

The study of how meaning in language is constructed from individual words and sentences.

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6
Q

What is pragmatics in language?

A

Practical aspects of language use, including speech, gestures, and body language influenced by social norms and culture.

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7
Q

How does language development begin in infants?

A

it begins as early in the womb they show a preference for listening to speech over non-speech and a familiar language

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8
Q

How do bilingual children compare to monolingual children in vocabulary?

A

Bilingual children may have smaller vocabularies in each language but show advantages in cognitive flexibility, reasoning, and selective attention.

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9
Q

What are the basic language development milestones by age 1?

A

Infants coo by 2 months, babble by 6 months, and say their first words around 1 year old.

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10
Q

What happens to language recognition around 10 months of age?

A

Babies lose the ability to hear sounds not present in their surrounding language.

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11
Q

At what age do children begin asking “why” questions?

A

Around 3 years old, as they start to understand pragmatics and use more nuanced expressions.

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12
Q

What is “telegraphic speech”?

A

Speech by toddlers that involves short, sensible word combinations (e.g., “Mamma come”).

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13
Q

What is the vocabulary range of children aged 5-6 years?

A

Children at this age have vocabularies ranging from 8,000 to 14,000 words.

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14
Q

What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis propose?

A

It suggests that language shapes how we think and perceive the world, as different languages have unique vocabularies and concepts.

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15
Q

What is the nativist theory of language development?

A

Proposed by Noam Chomsky, it suggests humans have an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and are born with a predisposition to learn grammar.

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16
Q

What is the interactionist theory of language development?

A

It combines nature and nurture, suggesting that both biological maturation and social interaction contribute to language development.

17
Q

What is the behaviourist theory of language development?

A

Proposed by B.F. Skinner, it argues that language is learned through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning.

18
Q

What is an algorithm in problem-solving?

A

A methodical, logical procedure that guarantees a solution.

19
Q

What are some types of thought

A

Controlled processing, automatic processing, mental imagery, reasoning, cognitive control, and metacognition.

20
Q

What are the key properties of language?

A

Language is symbolic, semantic, generative, and structured.

21
Q

What is a heuristic in problem-solving?

A

A simpler, faster thinking strategy that often leads to errors but speeds up decision-making.

22
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.

23
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?
J

A

Judging a situation or person based on how closely it matches a prototype or category.

24
Q

What is functional fixedness in problem-solving?

A

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions, which can hinder problem-solving.

25
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to search for information that confirms one’s beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

26
Q

What are unnecessary constraints in problem-solving?

A

Assumptions that people impose on themselves, which limit the solutions they consider.

27
Q

What is the relationship between language and thought?

A

Language provides the framework for how we express and develop thoughts.

28
Q

Mental set:

A

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Psych Exam 2 (3 decks)

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