Chapter 10&12

Question 1

What is intelligence?

Answer 1

Intelligence is the ability to learn, meet environmental demands effectively, and control one’s mental activities.

Question 2

What are the key elements of psychometric approaches to intelligence

Answer 2

Standardization, validity, and reliability.

Question 3

What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS

Answer 3

A widely used IQ measure that assesses both verbal and performance IQ, following a normal distribution.

Question 3

What is the formula for calculating IQ?

Answer 3

IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100.

Question 4

What are two strengths and two weaknesses of IQ tests?

Answer 4

Strengths: Help identify individuals needing resources. Weaknesses: Have been historically used for discriminatory purposes, and may not account for non-verbal abilities.

Question 5

What is Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence

Answer 5

It suggests that all cognitive abilities share a common core of general intelligence

Question 6

What are Sternberg’s three intelligences in the triarchic theory?

Answer 6

Analytic (internal), Creative (external), and Practical (experiential) intelligence.

Question 7

What is Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory?

Answer 7

A theory that suggests intelligence is made up of various distinct types, such as musical, linguistic, and interpersonal intelligence.

Question 8

What are the key requirements for a reliable psychological test?

Answer 8

consistency of scores over time, measured by the correlation coefficient.

Question 9

What is validity in psychological testing?

Answer 9

A: The extent to which a test accurately measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.

Question 10

Where does intelligence come from?

Answer 10

Intelligence is influenced by both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment).

Question 11

What is personality?

Answer 11

Personality refers to the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behavior.

Question 12

What is the Barnum effect?

Answer 12

The tendency to accept vague or general statements as being personally meaningful and accurate.

Question 13

What are Freud’s defense mechanisms

Answer 13

Unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as denial, repression, and projection.

Question 14

What are some criticisms of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 14

Lack of scientific evidence, small sample size, and an overemphasis on sexuality and gender identity.

Question 15

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 15

A theory that suggests human motivation is based on a hierarchy, starting with basic needs (e.g., food) and moving toward self-actualization

Question 16

What are the strengths and weaknesses of humanistic theories of personality?

Answer 16

strengths: Focus on growth and self-concept. Weaknesses: Concepts are vague and difficult to test, and may present an overly optimistic view of human nature.

Question 17

What is Carl Rogers’ concept of self-concept?

Answer 17

A pattern of self-perception that remains consistent over time and is used to characterize an individual.

Question 18

What is the Lexical Hypothesis in trait theory?

Answer 18

The idea that important personality traits are embedded in our language, and analyzing language can reveal fundamental traits.

Question 19

What are Hans Eysenck’s three higher-order traits?

Answer 19

Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism.

Question 20

What is the Big Five personality model (OCEAN/CANOE)?

Answer 20

The five-factor model of personality, which includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Question 21

How reliable and valid are IQ tests?

Answer 21

IQ tests are highly reliable but may only be moderately valid for predicting specific outcomes like academic performance or occupational success.