Chapter 10&12 Flashcards
What is intelligence?
Intelligence is the ability to learn, meet environmental demands effectively, and control one’s mental activities.
What are the key elements of psychometric approaches to intelligence
Standardization, validity, and reliability.
What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS
A widely used IQ measure that assesses both verbal and performance IQ, following a normal distribution.
What is the formula for calculating IQ?
IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100.
What are two strengths and two weaknesses of IQ tests?
Strengths: Help identify individuals needing resources. Weaknesses: Have been historically used for discriminatory purposes, and may not account for non-verbal abilities.
What is Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence
It suggests that all cognitive abilities share a common core of general intelligence
What are Sternberg’s three intelligences in the triarchic theory?
Analytic (internal), Creative (external), and Practical (experiential) intelligence.
What is Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory?
A theory that suggests intelligence is made up of various distinct types, such as musical, linguistic, and interpersonal intelligence.
What are the key requirements for a reliable psychological test?
consistency of scores over time, measured by the correlation coefficient.
What is validity in psychological testing?
A: The extent to which a test accurately measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
Where does intelligence come from?
Intelligence is influenced by both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment).
What is personality?
Personality refers to the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behavior.
What is the Barnum effect?
The tendency to accept vague or general statements as being personally meaningful and accurate.
What are Freud’s defense mechanisms
Unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as denial, repression, and projection.
What are some criticisms of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
Lack of scientific evidence, small sample size, and an overemphasis on sexuality and gender identity.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A theory that suggests human motivation is based on a hierarchy, starting with basic needs (e.g., food) and moving toward self-actualization
What are the strengths and weaknesses of humanistic theories of personality?
strengths: Focus on growth and self-concept. Weaknesses: Concepts are vague and difficult to test, and may present an overly optimistic view of human nature.
What is Carl Rogers’ concept of self-concept?
A pattern of self-perception that remains consistent over time and is used to characterize an individual.
What is the Lexical Hypothesis in trait theory?
The idea that important personality traits are embedded in our language, and analyzing language can reveal fundamental traits.
What are Hans Eysenck’s three higher-order traits?
Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism.
What is the Big Five personality model (OCEAN/CANOE)?
The five-factor model of personality, which includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
How reliable and valid are IQ tests?
IQ tests are highly reliable but may only be moderately valid for predicting specific outcomes like academic performance or occupational success.
