Chpt 8 Metabolism

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

Large molecules broken down or degraded and energy is usually released

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

The biosynthesis of large molecules (from smaller ones), results in formation of cell structure

Question 3

Simple Enzymes

Answer 3

Made of proteins only

Question 4

Conjugated Enzyme

Answer 4

Made of protein and non protein molecules

Question 5

Holoenzyme aka Apoenzyme

Answer 5

(conjugated protein), a combination of proteins and one or more cofactors (organic or inorganic)

Question 6

Exoenzymes

Answer 6

Enzymes made by a cell and transported extracellularly

-ie. Cellulase, amylase, and penicillinase

Question 7

Endoenzymes

Answer 7

Enzymes retained intracellulary and function there

Question 8

Constitutive enzymes

Answer 8

Enzymes whose numbers are relativity constant regardless of amount of substrates

Question 9

Regulated enzymes

Answer 9

production either turned on or off in response to changes in concentration of the substrate or product

Question 10

Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 10

Produces a streptokinase (enzyme) which digests bloodclots and assists in invasion of wounds

Question 11

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 11

Produces elastase and collagenase which digests elastin and collagen (proteins found in CT)

Question 12

Clostridium perfringens (agent of gas gangrene)

Answer 12

Synthesizes lecithinase C (a lipase) which damages cell membranes and accounts for the tissue death

Question 13

Labile

Answer 13

when enzymes are chemically unstable to due to changes in normal conditions (temp, ph, etc)

Question 14

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 14

Inhibition of an enzyme due to a “mimic” binding to the active site and no product being released

Question 15

Noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 15

a negative feedback mechanism which inhibits the enzyme although there is no binding to the active site

Question 16

Exergonic

Answer 16

A reaction which releases energy as it goes forward (energy is a product)

Question 17

Endergonic

Answer 17

reactions driven forward with the addition of energy (use energy)

Question 18

Aerobic Glycolysis reaction results

Answer 18

Glucose, O2, ADP (as well as Pi) and 2 ATP go into the reaction and the result is 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP and NADH
-2 Pyruvate, 2 net ATP, and NADH

Question 19

Anaerobic Glycolysis (fermentation)

Answer 19

NADH gets oxidized back to NAD+ and recycled

-Net result 2 ATP, Lactic acid, Acetaldehyde

Question 20

Krebs Cycle

Answer 20

Pyruvic Acid in and 4 NADH + 1 FADH2 out

Question 21

How many ATP does one NADH produce

Answer 21

About 3 ATP

Question 22

How many ATP does one FADH2 produce

Answer 22

About 2 ATP

Question 23

Where is Bacterial ETS (electron transport chain)

Answer 23

The cell membrane (not mitochondria-have none) the direction of proton movement is from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space between the membrane and cell wall

Question 24

Aerobic respiration yields how many ATP

Answer 24

38 ATP

Question 25

3 other key participants in aerobic respiration

Answer 25

• 6 CO2 molecules made
• 6 oxygen molecules consumed
• 6 net H2O molecules produced

Question 26

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 26

Occurs in yeast or bacterial species, converts pyruvic acid to ethanol. Products include both ethanol and CO2

Question 27

Homolactic

Answer 27

The term if Lactic acid is the main product of acidic lactic acid (ie. Streptococcus and Lactobacillus)

Question 28

Heterolactic fermentation

Answer 28

When glucose is fermented to a mixture of lactic acid, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide (ie. Leuconostoc)

Question 29

Beta Oxidation

Answer 29

Degrading fat into an acetyl and having it enter the Kreb’s cycle. This produces about 50 ATP

Question 30

amination

Answer 30

Addition of an amino group to a carbon skeleton

Question 31

Deamination

Answer 31

The processes of removing an amino group

-This happens when carbs are low and organisms use proteins for energy