Chpt. 7

Question 1

Nutrition

Answer 1

Process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired and used in cellular activities.

Question 2

Macronutrients

Answer 2

• Nutrients needed in large quantities

- Play principle role in cell structure and metabolism

Question 3

Micronutrients

Answer 3

• AKA trace Elements
• present in smaller amounts
• involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

Question 4

What is the chemical Analysis of microbial cytoplasm

Answer 4

• 70% H20
• Proteins
• 96% of cell composed of 6 elements
• -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur, Nitrogen

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

-An organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

-An organism that obtains its carbon from inorganic CO2

Question 7

Growth Factor

Answer 7

An organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient

Question 8

Phototrophs

Answer 8

organism that photosynthesize

Question 9

Chemotrophs

Answer 9

Gain energy from chemical compounds

Question 10

Photoautotrophs

Answer 10

-photosynthetic organisms which capture sunlight and use the energy to be used in cells metabolism

Question 11

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 11

• Prokaryotes

- Survive on inorganic substances

Question 12

Methagnogens

Answer 12

• type of chemotrophs
• Metabolism adapted to producing methane gas
• Archaeon
• Found in hot springs, ocean depth, soil, swamps, and intestines

Question 13

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 13

Derive Carbon and energy from Organic Sources

Question 14

Saprobe

Answer 14

• Chemoheterotroph
• Free-living organism which feeds on the organic detritus of dead organisms
• Notably Bacteria and Fungi

Question 15

Parasites

Answer 15

Derive nutrients from the cells or tissue of a living host

Question 16

Do saprobes infect a host?

Answer 16

Yes, considered a faculative parasite

-Usually when host in compromised and therefore considered an opoportunistic pathogen

Question 17

Obligate Parasites

Answer 17

So dependent they are unable to grow outside of a living host.

Question 18

diffusion

Answer 18

net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

Question 19

Passive transport

Answer 19

Cell uses no energy to transport molecules (diffustion and osmosis)

Question 20

Isotonic

Answer 20

Environment is equal in solute concentration to the cells internal environment
-Water proceeds at the same rate in both directions

Question 21

Hypotonic

Answer 21

Solute concentration of the external environment is lower (less stuff) than that of the cells
-Water moves into the cell and causes it to burst

Question 22

Hypertonic

Answer 22

Solute concentration of environment is greater than that of cells
-Water moves out of cell and cell shrinks

Question 23

Plasmolysis

Answer 23

Water diffuses out of cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall

Question 24

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 24

Passive Transport, Cell uses carrier protein which is specified for a specific substance and change shape when bound and transport across membrane

Question 25

Active Transport

Answer 25

Transportation of substances against diffusion greadient or at a faster rate than diffusion. -Uses Energy (ATP) and specific proteins

Question 26

Carrier-mediated active transport

Answer 26

Transport a specific molecule across a membrane using a transport protein

Question 27

Group Translocation

Answer 27

Couples the transport of a nutrient with its conversion to a substance that is useful in the cell.

Question 28

Psychrophile

Answer 28

MIcroorganism with an optimum temperature below 15 C and is capable of growth at 0 C -generally does not grow above 20 C

Question 29

Mesophiles

Answer 29

Grow at intermediate Temp. generally between 20 C to 40 C but some as low as 10 C and as high as 50 C

Question 30

Thermophile

Answer 30

Lives in temperatures above 45 C - Generally range between 45 C and 80 C - some hyperthermophiles live between 80 C and 250 C

Question 31

Obligate Aerobe

Answer 31

Organism that cannot grown without oxygen (ie. genera Micrococcus and Bacillus)

Question 32

Faculative Anaerobe

Answer 32

an Aerobe that uses O2 when present but uses an anaerobic mode of respiration when O2 is not present (ie. gram-negative intestinal bacteria and staphylococci)

Question 33

microaerophile

Answer 33

Microorganism that does not grow at normal atmospheric O2 levels (20%) but requires a small amount of it (1-15%)

Question 34

Anaerobe

Answer 34

Lacks metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen. -Also lack the enzyme for processing toxic oxygen and cannot tolerate any free oxygen in the environment and will die if exposed to it

Question 35

Capnophiles

Answer 35

Grow better at higher CO2 tenstions (3-10%) than normally present in the atmosphere (.033%) -ie. Neisseria, Brucella, and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 36

halophiles

Answer 36

``` an osmophile (microorg. which lives in high solute conc.) which requires high salt concentrations -ie. Halobacterium and Halococcus ```

Question 37

Mutualism

Answer 37

Obligatory dependent, both members benefit

Question 38

Commensalism

Answer 38

The commensal benefits, other member not harmed

Question 39

Parasitism

Answer 39

Parasite is dependent on host, usually harms host

Question 40

Synergism

Answer 40

Members cooperate and share nutrients, not required for survival though

Question 41

Antagonism

Answer 41

Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

Question 42

Equation to find number of cells after a certain number of generations

Answer 42

Nf=(Ni)2^n -Nf = final number -Ni = Initial number n = number of generations

Question 43

Tubidity

Answer 43

Cloudiness of a sample, used to measure amount of microbes within a sample