Chpt. 6_ Chemistry & Chemical Safety Flashcards
Have a thorough understanding of chemistry because….
- Without an understanding of basic chemistry, they will not be able to use professional products effectively and safely.
- Every product used in beauty und wellness services contains some type of chemical. Beauty professionals should be able to troubleshoot and solve potential common problems with chemical services.
- it is important to know and follow the procedures for handling chemicals used in the salon, spa, and barbershop by reading labels and following manufactures instructions to keep their clients and themselves safe.
Basics of Chemical Structure
Chemistry
The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
Matter
Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).
All matter has physical and chemical properties and exists in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.
Everything made out of matter is a chemical.
Everything you can touch and everything you can see - with the exception of light and electricity - is matter.
Energy is not matter.
Elements
The simplest form of chemical matter that contains only one type of atom; can not be broken down into simpler substance without a loss of identity.
There are 118 elements known to science. 98 occur naturally on earth; the remaining elements known as synthetic elements are produced artificially or through synthesis.
All matter is made up of elements that have their own distinct physical and chemical properties.
Atoms
The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element.
Are the basic unit of matter, with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons that move around the nucleus in orbits.
Atoms can not be divided into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
Electrons, Protons, Neutrons
Electrons- Subatomic particles with a negative charge.
Protons- Subatomic particles with a positive charge.
Neutrons- Subatomic particles with no charge.
Molecule, Elemental Molecule, Compound Molecules
Molecule - a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions.
Elemental Molecule- molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.
Ozone is a major component of smog and can be very dangerous.
Compound Molecules- compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.
Physical and chemical properties of matter
Physical Charge
A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance.
No chemical reactions are involved in physical charge and no new chemicals are formed.
Chemical charge
A change in the chemical composition or make -up of a substance.
This change is caused by chemical reactions that create new chemical substance, usually by combining or subtracting certain elements.
Physical properties
Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance; includes color, solubility, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and glossiness.
Chemical properties
Characterizes that can be determined only by a chemical reaction und involve a chemical change in the substance.
Examples include the ability of iron to rust, wood to burn, or hair to change color through the use of haircolor und hydrogen peroxide.
Pure Substances and Physical Mixtures
Pure substance
A chemical combination of matter un definite (fixed) proportions.
Unique properties, example would be water und salt
Elements- oxygen, aluminum, gold, sodium
Compounds- pure (distilled) water, ammonia, salt, aspirin
Physical mixture
A physical combination of matter in any proportion.
Include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
Uniform- air solutions of salt water, hydrogen peroxide
Nonuniform- most beaut products
Difference between solutions, suspensions, and emulsions
Solution - Solute - Solvent
Solution- A stable, uniform mixture of two or more substances
Solute- The substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solvent- The substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution
Miscible - Immiscible
Miscible- liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions. Examples include water and alcohol.
Immiscible- liquids that are capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions. Examples include water and oil.
Suspensions
Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid
Suspensions contain larger and fewer miscible particles; are not usually transparent and may be colored.
Example- the glitter in main polish, which can separate from the polish.
Emulsion - Emulsifier
Emulsion- an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay mixed) plus a special ingredient called an emalsifier. Can be separate however the separation usually happens very slowly over a long period of time.
Example is skin cream.
Emulsifier- an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible matériels together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture.
Surfactants
A contraction of surface active agent; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.
A surfactant has two distinct parts; hydrophilic and lipophilic.
Hydrophilic - Lipophilic
Hydrophilic- easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving)
Lipophilic- having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)
Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion - Water-in- oil (w/o) emulsion
Abbreviated o/w emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water.
Abbreviated w/o emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil.
Volatile Alcohols
Alcohols that evaporate easily; such as isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) and ethyl alcohol (hairspray and alcoholic beverages).
Alkanolamines
Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products; often used in place of ammonia because they produce less odor.
Ammonia
Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen und nitrogen
Used to raise the pH in hair products to allow the solution to penetrate the hair shaft.
Glycerin
Sweet - colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams
Silicones
Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.
Less greasy than other oils and form a breathable film that does not causecomedones (blackheads).
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Abbreviated (VOCs); compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).
Over exposure
Prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure that can cause sensitivity
Overexposure principle is used to describe now overexposure determines toxicity.
pH
The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.
One of the least understood chemical properties
Ion - Ionization
Ion - A atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.
Ionization - The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.
Anion- Cation
Anion - an ion with a negative electrical charge
Cation - an ion with a positive electrical charge
Water and pH
Some water molecules naturally ionize into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
The hydrogen ion is acidic.
The hydroxide ion is alkaline.
Pure water has a neutral pH because it contains the same number of hydrogen ions as hydroxide ions.
pH Scale
A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below it is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution.
Acidic Solution
A solution that has a pH below 7 (neutral)
Alkaline Solution
A solution that has a pH above 7 (neutral)
Alpha hydroxyl acids (AHAs)
Acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin. Helps adjust the pH of a lotion, conditioner, or cream.
Thioglycolic acid
A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions.
Glycolic acid
An alpha hydroxyl acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products
Alkalis
Also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts.
pH above 7
Sodium hydroxide
A very strong alkali used in chemical products and cleansers; commonly known as lye
Neutralization and Redox reactions
Acid-alkali neutralization reactions
When acids are mixed with alkalis in equal proportions, balancing the total pH and forming water and a salt.
Oxidation-reduction
Also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)
Oxidizing agent
A substance that releases oxygen
Reducing agent
A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.
Exothermic reaction
Chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat.
Example - heat produced after mixing the activator and waving lotion in an exothermic permanent wave product.
Endothermic reaction
Chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur.
Combustion
Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light.
Chemical safety
Incompatible
Substances that should not be mixed or even stored near each other
Safety data sheet
Required by law for all products sold; SDSs include safety information about products compiled by the manufacturer including hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, proper disposal guidelines, and precautions to reduce the risk of accidental harm or overexposure.
Carcinogen
A substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer
Mutagen
A substance that causes an increase in cellular mutations, some of which are harmful but others which have little or no effect on the body’s function; may cause cancer but not always.
Combustible
Material that is capable of igniting and burning
