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World History > Chpt 5 The Enlightenment 1700-1800 > Flashcards

Chpt 5 The Enlightenment 1700-1800 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientists used the ________ to better understand social, economic, & political problems

A

Natural Law

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2
Q

Who believed that in order to escape a state of nature, people enter into a social contract with the government?

A

Thomas Hobbes

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3
Q

Hobbes wanted __________________ to keep order

A

Absolute monarchy

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4
Q

State of nature=_________________

A

No government

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5
Q

Who believed that life liberty, & property belong to all humans from birth?

A

John Locke

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6
Q

Locke said that the role of government should be ________

A

Limited

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7
Q

Locke believed that people may __________ an unjust government

A

Overthrow

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8
Q

Who wanted to divide the various functions & powers of government among three branches?

A

Montesquieu

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9
Q

1st branch; writes laws; congress

A

Legislative

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10
Q

2nd branch; executes/enforces laws the president

A

Executive

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11
Q

3rd; interprets laws; supreme court

A

Judicial

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12
Q

Who targeted corrupt officials & idle aristocrats by using satire?

A

Voltaire

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13
Q

Who explained ideas of government, philosophy & religion?

A

Diderot

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14
Q

Who believed that people were naturally good, but corrupted by evils of society?

A

Rosseau

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15
Q

Rosseau believed that governmental control should be _______________.

A

Minimal and elected

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16
Q

_______ were excluded from the social contract.

A

Women

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17
Q

Phisiocrat like Adam Smith rejected mercantilism & instead urged a policy of _________________.

A

Laissez-faire

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18
Q

Laissez-faire means _________.

A

Hands off

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19
Q

Who restricted access to information by burning books & imprisoning writers?

A

Government and church authorities

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20
Q

What are informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, and philosophies exchange ideas?

A

Salons

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21
Q

Who led one of the most famous salons?

A

Madame Geoffrin

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22
Q

The _________ style was grand & ornate; colorful paintings, glorified battles, and saints

A

Baroque

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23
Q

What art was lighter, elegant, & criticized by philosophers for superficiality?

A

Rococo

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24
Q

What music emerged during the Enlightenment?

A

Classical

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25
Q

Who began as a child prodigy & gained celebrity as a composer & performer?

A

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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26
Q

Some absolute rulers used their _______ to bring about political & social change

A

Power

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27
Q

Who reduced the use of torture & allowed a free press?

A

Frederick II

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28
Q

Frederick II tolerated ______.

A

Religion

29
Q

Who granted rights to nobles & criticized serfdom, but did not intend to give up power?

A

Catherine the Great

30
Q

Joseph II of Austria supported religious equality for __________ __________, ended censorship, & briefly abolished serfdom.

A

Protestants & Jews

31
Q

Most Europeans remained peasants living in small _______ villages.

A

Rural

32
Q

An unchanging principle, discovered through reason governs human conduct.

A

Natural Law

33
Q

An agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos

A

Social contract

34
Q

Rights that belong to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property.

A

Natural rights

35
Q

French for “philosopher;” a French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment.

A

Philosophe

36
Q

Policy allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference.

A

Laissez-faire

37
Q

Restriction on access to ideas & information.

A

Censorship

38
Q

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, & others exchanged ideas.

A

Salons

39
Q

An ornate style of art & architecture popular in the 1600s & 1700s.

A

Baroque

40
Q

A personal, elegant style of art & architecture made popular during the mid-1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, & flowers.

A

Rococo

41
Q

An absolute ruler who uses his or her power to bring about political & social change.

A

Enlightened despot

42
Q

A law passed in 1765 by the British Parliament that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers & pamphlets in the American colonies; was repealed in 1766.

A

Stamp Act

43
Q

An act in 1764 that taxed sugar imports was passed by King George III.

A

Sugar Act

44
Q

Limited government based on separation of powers & a system of checks and balances.

A

Popular sovereignty

45
Q

In December 1773, a handful of colonists hurled cargo of recently arrived British tea into the harbor to protest the tax on tea.

A

Boston Tea Party

46
Q

In March 1770, British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a crowd that was pelting them with stones and snowballs; five people died.

A

Boston Massacre

47
Q

Peace treaty made final in 1783 that ended the American Revolution

A

Treaty of Paris 1783

48
Q

Location allowed _____________ to control trade

A

England

49
Q

Who was on the winning side of European conflicts?

A

England

50
Q

What did Britain do to create the United Kingdom?

A

Expand territory

51
Q

Who set out to reassert royal power by choosing ministers, dissolving the cabinet, and controlling the parliament?

A

King George III

52
Q

The Sugar Act & Stamp Act imposed _______ taxes.

A

Import

52
Q

What act regulated colonial trade, but was not rigorously enforced?

A

The Navigation Act

52
Q

Who felt entitled to rights as English citizens?

A

Colonists

53
Q

At which historical event did British soldiers fire on a crowd of violent people?

A

Boston Massacre

54
Q

During which historical event did protestors throw British tea into the harbor?

A

Boston Tea Party

55
Q

What was the group of people called where colonial representatives met to decide what actions to take?

A

Continental Congress

56
Q

What included Locke’s idea that people have the right to revolt against unjust governments?

A

Declaration of Independence

57
Q

The Declaration of Independence was built on _____________________.

A

Popular sovereignty

58
Q

The Declaration of Independence was first adopted on ____________.

A

July 4, 1776

59
Q

During the American Revolution who had well-trained soldiers and used 1/3 of the American Loyalists?

A

British

60
Q

During the American Revolution who had the advantage of fighting on their own soil and George Washington?

A

Americans

61
Q

Who brought the Americans supplies, soldiers, and warships?

A

France

62
Q

____________ recognized the independence of U.S.A.

A

The Treaty of Paris 1783

63
Q

______________ met to replace the Articles of Confederation.

A

The Philadelphia Convention

64
Q

__________________ provided for an elected legislature and president.

A

A New Constitution (Constitution of the U.S.)

65
Q

The Constitution created a _________ republic, with power divided between the national & state level.

A

Federal

66
Q

_______________ recognized basic rights that the government must protect.

A

The Bill of Rights

World History (5 decks)

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