Chpt 5 The Enlightenment 1700-1800 Flashcards
Scientists used the ________ to better understand social, economic, & political problems
Natural Law
Who believed that in order to escape a state of nature, people enter into a social contract with the government?
Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes wanted __________________ to keep order
Absolute monarchy
State of nature=_________________
No government
Who believed that life liberty, & property belong to all humans from birth?
John Locke
Locke said that the role of government should be ________
Limited
Locke believed that people may __________ an unjust government
Overthrow
Who wanted to divide the various functions & powers of government among three branches?
Montesquieu
1st branch; writes laws; congress
Legislative
2nd branch; executes/enforces laws the president
Executive
3rd; interprets laws; supreme court
Judicial
Who targeted corrupt officials & idle aristocrats by using satire?
Voltaire
Who explained ideas of government, philosophy & religion?
Diderot
Who believed that people were naturally good, but corrupted by evils of society?
Rosseau
Rosseau believed that governmental control should be _______________.
Minimal and elected
_______ were excluded from the social contract.
Women
Phisiocrat like Adam Smith rejected mercantilism & instead urged a policy of _________________.
Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire means _________.
Hands off
Who restricted access to information by burning books & imprisoning writers?
Government and church authorities
What are informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, and philosophies exchange ideas?
Salons
Who led one of the most famous salons?
Madame Geoffrin
The _________ style was grand & ornate; colorful paintings, glorified battles, and saints
Baroque
What art was lighter, elegant, & criticized by philosophers for superficiality?
Rococo
What music emerged during the Enlightenment?
Classical
Who began as a child prodigy & gained celebrity as a composer & performer?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Some absolute rulers used their _______ to bring about political & social change
Power
Who reduced the use of torture & allowed a free press?
Frederick II
Frederick II tolerated ______.
Religion
Who granted rights to nobles & criticized serfdom, but did not intend to give up power?
Catherine the Great
Joseph II of Austria supported religious equality for __________ __________, ended censorship, & briefly abolished serfdom.
Protestants & Jews
Most Europeans remained peasants living in small _______ villages.
Rural
An unchanging principle, discovered through reason governs human conduct.
Natural Law
An agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos
Social contract
Rights that belong to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property.
Natural rights
French for “philosopher;” a French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment.
Philosophe
Policy allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference.
Laissez-faire
Restriction on access to ideas & information.
Censorship
Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, & others exchanged ideas.
Salons
An ornate style of art & architecture popular in the 1600s & 1700s.
Baroque
A personal, elegant style of art & architecture made popular during the mid-1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, & flowers.
Rococo
An absolute ruler who uses his or her power to bring about political & social change.
Enlightened despot
A law passed in 1765 by the British Parliament that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers & pamphlets in the American colonies; was repealed in 1766.
Stamp Act
An act in 1764 that taxed sugar imports was passed by King George III.
Sugar Act
Limited government based on separation of powers & a system of checks and balances.
Popular sovereignty
In December 1773, a handful of colonists hurled cargo of recently arrived British tea into the harbor to protest the tax on tea.
Boston Tea Party
In March 1770, British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a crowd that was pelting them with stones and snowballs; five people died.
Boston Massacre
Peace treaty made final in 1783 that ended the American Revolution
Treaty of Paris 1783
Location allowed _____________ to control trade
England
Who was on the winning side of European conflicts?
England
What did Britain do to create the United Kingdom?
Expand territory
Who set out to reassert royal power by choosing ministers, dissolving the cabinet, and controlling the parliament?
King George III
The Sugar Act & Stamp Act imposed _______ taxes.
Import
What act regulated colonial trade, but was not rigorously enforced?
The Navigation Act
Who felt entitled to rights as English citizens?
Colonists
At which historical event did British soldiers fire on a crowd of violent people?
Boston Massacre
During which historical event did protestors throw British tea into the harbor?
Boston Tea Party
What was the group of people called where colonial representatives met to decide what actions to take?
Continental Congress
What included Locke’s idea that people have the right to revolt against unjust governments?
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was built on _____________________.
Popular sovereignty
The Declaration of Independence was first adopted on ____________.
July 4, 1776
During the American Revolution who had well-trained soldiers and used 1/3 of the American Loyalists?
British
During the American Revolution who had the advantage of fighting on their own soil and George Washington?
Americans
Who brought the Americans supplies, soldiers, and warships?
France
____________ recognized the independence of U.S.A.
The Treaty of Paris 1783
______________ met to replace the Articles of Confederation.
The Philadelphia Convention
__________________ provided for an elected legislature and president.
A New Constitution (Constitution of the U.S.)
The Constitution created a _________ republic, with power divided between the national & state level.
Federal
_______________ recognized basic rights that the government must protect.
The Bill of Rights
