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Chpt 10/11 Spielvogel Flashcards

1
Q

Where were towns built?

A

Beside riverbanks or crossroads

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2
Q

What were some basic features of a town?

A

A wall, one gate, roads were not gridded,

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3
Q

What was the main source of pollution?

A

Waste being thrown into nearby rivers

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4
Q

What were some deficits of living in towns?

A

Close quarters so fire/disease spread quickly, pigs ate garbage, pollution was bad, thievery was common

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5
Q

What was the official name for the middle class?

A

Burgouisie

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6
Q

What was a craft guild?

A

An association of people who work on the same craft

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7
Q

Name the different types of people found in a craft guild.

A

master craftsman, apprentices, yoemen

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8
Q

What was the wives contribution to the craft guild?

A

helped in shop/made beer, ran inns, the guild helped widowed women

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9
Q

What were merchant guilds?

A

Helped craftsmen sell products of faraway peoples

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10
Q

Describe the putting out system.

A

A factor gives supplies to a worker, the worker makes something, the factor comes back pays the worker and sells the finished product

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11
Q

Where was the first university?

A

Bologna, Italy

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12
Q

What helped the universities against other powers?

A

The guilds that supported the university

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13
Q

What was one teaching method?

A

Trivium (Logic, rhetoric, grammar); usually lecture format

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14
Q

What was the Revival of Classical Antiquity?

A

a renewed interest in the works of Greeks and Romans

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15
Q

Who was the main contributor in the preservation of the writings of the Romans and Greeks?

A

The Muslims

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16
Q

Describe the Realist’s beliefs and name the contributor to that idea.

A

Universal Ideas (exist independently from physical form), always existed, Plato

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17
Q

Describe the Nominalist’s beliefs and name the contributor.

A

Material substance, born with reason; Aristotle

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18
Q

Which of these did the Catholic Church try to block out?

A

Nominalists

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19
Q

Who was the man who united faith and reason and in what work of literature did he do so?

A

Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologica

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20
Q

Name two types of literature.

A

Troubadour poetry and the heroic epic

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21
Q

What was literature written in?

A

Vernacular

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22
Q

Describe Romanesque architecture.

A

Barreled vaults;dark interior, thick walls, small windows, rounded arches

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23
Q

Describe Gothic architecture.

A

Pointed arches, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, ribbed vaults, elaborate interiors, taller and lots of light

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24
Q

Why was there a compulsion of height?

A

higher you are closer to God

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25
Why so much light?
light was a symbol of God, replicated heaven; not much light in homes
26
Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta and what was the Magna Carta?
King John; a document that limited the power of the king
27
When and where did William the Norman defeat Godwinson?
The Battle of Hastings in 1066
28
What was Henry II's major contribution?
Created a treasury and enacted common law system
29
What was Edward I's major contributions?
united the British Isles, created Parliament
30
What was Parliament?
A gathering of 2 knights from every county, two residents from each city, and barons and lords.
31
What were the key change agents of Britain?
Magna Carta and Parliament
32
What were the major conflicts of Britain?
People vs. Rulers
33
What was the chief challenge of Britain?
Greedy rulers
34
What were the major contributions of King Phillip II?
took back lots of land; quadrupled the French income
35
What was the major contribution of King Louis IX
continued to add land
36
What were the major contributions of King Phillip IV the Fair?
created bureaucracy, created Estates General
37
What were the key change agents of France?
The bureaucracy putting money into the king
38
What was the major conflict of France?
Nobility vs. King
39
What was the chief challenge of France?
Powerful nobility
40
What was El Cid's major contribution?
Created Valencia
41
What was Alfonso VIII's major contribution?
defeating the Muslims at Las Navas de Tolosa
42
What was Alfonso X's major contribution?
Further developing multiculturalism in Spain
43
What was the key change agent of Spain?
Las Navas de Tolosa and beating the Muslims
44
What was the major conflict of Spain?
Christians vs. Muslims
45
What was the chief challenge of Spain?
The struggle to continue to push the Muslims out of Spain
46
What was Robert Guiscard's major contributions?
conquered Southern Italy
47
What were Frederick I Barbarossa's major contributions?
Tried to centralize Italy as the Holy Roman Empire (faced with opposition from Northern Italy and the Pope)
48
What were Henry IV's major contributions?
strongest leader since Charlemagne, controlled Germany and South and North Italy
49
What were Frederick II's major contributions?
Tried to unite Germany and Italy, gave some of his power to the nobles weakening his own
50
What was the key change agent of Germany?
War
51
What was the major conflict of Germany?
Italy vs Germany
52
What were the Scandinavian countries?
Denmark, Norway, Sweden
53
Describe the state of Scandinavia.
Lots of fighting but eventually Christianity pacified them
54
Who were the Teutonic Knights?
Warriors sent from Germany to the East/North to convert Pagans; wound up enslaving pagan slavs
55
Who were the Mongols?
A group of warring people from Mongolia, who ravaged Europe and Asia; conquered Kievan Rus
56
Describe Kiev?
A sophisticated country that traded with the Byzantine Empire;eventually became Russia
57
Who is Nevsky?
Prince of Moscow who helped the Mongols; began the creation of Russia
58
How was the church becoming more of a secular power?
Local lords would appoint bishops, so the bishops focused on them and not God
59
Describe the Cluniac Reform.
began in Bergundy; William of Aquitaine wanted to found a monastery that was kept independent from secular control; worked on transcribing documents
60
Describe the Reform of the Papacy.
goal was to separate election of church officials by lords; Pope Gregory tried to stop lay investiture and threatened kings with deposition
61
Gregory VII vs King Henry IV
Henry was using bishops for power and Gregory excommunicated him; this struggle remained until the Concordant of Worms (bishops had to be elected by church officials)
62
What were Pope Innocent's beliefs about his control in Europe?
He believed that he had control over European affairs
63
Who were the Cistercians?
A group of monks that lived a beggar's lifestyle; shortened time at services and more time for prayer/work
64
Describe women's roles in the new religious ideals.
women who were not able/unwilling to find husbands usually joined; helped with services in cities
65
What was a saint?
A man or woman who had done special deeds while on earth; most important was the Virgin Mary
66
What was heresy?
The contradiction of the Orthodox church
67
What was Catharism?
Stated that their was good (spiritual) and evil (earthly); this was a duelist system; claimed that church was evil
68
Describe the persecution of Jews.
people who protected them were in danger; Popes tried to defend; blamed for Jesus' death; Had to wear clothing and live in ghettos; eventually kings began to expel them
69
Describe intolerance and homosexuality.
portrayed as custom of Muslims and considered a sin against nature
70
Who were the Shi'ite?
A people who attempted to unite Islams; started Fatimid dynasty; because rivals of Sunni in Baghdad; divided Islam world; Nile supported; used nonnatives as mercenaries
71
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
used mercenaries; eventually captured Baghdad
72
Why did the Byzantine Empire begin to weaken?
leaders were fighting and losing power; the Eastern and Western Orthodox church fought (Pope Leo IX and Michael Cerulius excommunicated each other)
73
Describe the fight between Byzantine and Turks.
The Turks conquered and the peasants were willing to join them; eventually Alexius I won it back
74
What was Alexius I's biggest mistake?
He asked for help from the West. The Pope saw this as an opportunity to regain the Holy Lands
75
Who was Peter the Hermit?
The leader of the Peasant's Crusade that ravaged the Balkans but were massacred in Asia
76
What did the First Crusades accomplish?
In five weeks the Holy Lands were captured and four crusader states were formed (relied on Italian port cities)
77
What was the cause of the Second Crusades?
the recapture by the Muslims of Edessa
78
Who were the leaders of the Second Crusades?
Bernard Clarveax, King Louis VII, Conrad III
79
What was the cause of the Third Crusades?
Saladin a Muslim ruler reconquered Jerusalem
80
Who were the leaders of the Third Crusades?
Barbarossa, Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II Augustus
81
What was the accomplishment of the Fourth Crusades?
Pope Innocent III conquered the Byzantine Empire to neutralize a trading competitor
82
Who was the leader of the Children's Crusade and what happened to it?
Nicholas of Cologne; sent home by the Pope
83
What happened in the Fifth Crusades?
tried to recover Holy Lands via Muslims in Egypt; this failure ended Papal control of Crusades
84
Who was the leader of the Sixth Crusades?
Frederick II
85
What occurred in the Sixth Crusades?
Fred II was handed the crown of Jerusalem without a fight; after he left the Turks conquered again
86
What were some effects of the Crusades?
Number of Young warriors became less; Italian port cities prospered; enhanced trade; massacre of Jews became regular practice

Science/History (4 decks)

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