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Science/History > Chpt 10/11 Spielvogel > Flashcards

Chpt 10/11 Spielvogel Flashcards

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1
Q

Where were towns built?

A

Beside riverbanks or crossroads

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2
Q

What were some basic features of a town?

A

A wall, one gate, roads were not gridded,

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3
Q

What was the main source of pollution?

A

Waste being thrown into nearby rivers

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4
Q

What were some deficits of living in towns?

A

Close quarters so fire/disease spread quickly, pigs ate garbage, pollution was bad, thievery was common

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5
Q

What was the official name for the middle class?

A

Burgouisie

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6
Q

What was a craft guild?

A

An association of people who work on the same craft

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7
Q

Name the different types of people found in a craft guild.

A

master craftsman, apprentices, yoemen

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8
Q

What was the wives contribution to the craft guild?

A

helped in shop/made beer, ran inns, the guild helped widowed women

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9
Q

What were merchant guilds?

A

Helped craftsmen sell products of faraway peoples

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10
Q

Describe the putting out system.

A

A factor gives supplies to a worker, the worker makes something, the factor comes back pays the worker and sells the finished product

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11
Q

Where was the first university?

A

Bologna, Italy

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12
Q

What helped the universities against other powers?

A

The guilds that supported the university

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13
Q

What was one teaching method?

A

Trivium (Logic, rhetoric, grammar); usually lecture format

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14
Q

What was the Revival of Classical Antiquity?

A

a renewed interest in the works of Greeks and Romans

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15
Q

Who was the main contributor in the preservation of the writings of the Romans and Greeks?

A

The Muslims

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16
Q

Describe the Realist’s beliefs and name the contributor to that idea.

A

Universal Ideas (exist independently from physical form), always existed, Plato

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17
Q

Describe the Nominalist’s beliefs and name the contributor.

A

Material substance, born with reason; Aristotle

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18
Q

Which of these did the Catholic Church try to block out?

A

Nominalists

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19
Q

Who was the man who united faith and reason and in what work of literature did he do so?

A

Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologica

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20
Q

Name two types of literature.

A

Troubadour poetry and the heroic epic

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21
Q

What was literature written in?

A

Vernacular

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22
Q

Describe Romanesque architecture.

A

Barreled vaults;dark interior, thick walls, small windows, rounded arches

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23
Q

Describe Gothic architecture.

A

Pointed arches, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, ribbed vaults, elaborate interiors, taller and lots of light

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24
Q

Why was there a compulsion of height?

A

higher you are closer to God

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25
Q

Why so much light?

A

light was a symbol of God, replicated heaven; not much light in homes

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26
Q

Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta and what was the Magna Carta?

A

King John; a document that limited the power of the king

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27
Q

When and where did William the Norman defeat Godwinson?

A

The Battle of Hastings in 1066

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28
Q

What was Henry II’s major contribution?

A

Created a treasury and enacted common law system

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29
Q

What was Edward I’s major contributions?

A

united the British Isles, created Parliament

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30
Q

What was Parliament?

A

A gathering of 2 knights from every county, two residents from each city, and barons and lords.

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31
Q

What were the key change agents of Britain?

A

Magna Carta and Parliament

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32
Q

What were the major conflicts of Britain?

A

People vs. Rulers

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33
Q

What was the chief challenge of Britain?

A

Greedy rulers

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34
Q

What were the major contributions of King Phillip II?

A

took back lots of land; quadrupled the French income

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35
Q

What was the major contribution of King Louis IX

A

continued to add land

36
Q

What were the major contributions of King Phillip IV the Fair?

A

created bureaucracy, created Estates General

37
Q

What were the key change agents of France?

A

The bureaucracy putting money into the king

38
Q

What was the major conflict of France?

A

Nobility vs. King

39
Q

What was the chief challenge of France?

A

Powerful nobility

40
Q

What was El Cid’s major contribution?

A

Created Valencia

41
Q

What was Alfonso VIII’s major contribution?

A

defeating the Muslims at Las Navas de Tolosa

42
Q

What was Alfonso X’s major contribution?

A

Further developing multiculturalism in Spain

43
Q

What was the key change agent of Spain?

A

Las Navas de Tolosa and beating the Muslims

44
Q

What was the major conflict of Spain?

A

Christians vs. Muslims

45
Q

What was the chief challenge of Spain?

A

The struggle to continue to push the Muslims out of Spain

46
Q

What was Robert Guiscard’s major contributions?

A

conquered Southern Italy

47
Q

What were Frederick I Barbarossa’s major contributions?

A

Tried to centralize Italy as the Holy Roman Empire (faced with opposition from Northern Italy and the Pope)

48
Q

What were Henry IV’s major contributions?

A

strongest leader since Charlemagne, controlled Germany and South and North Italy

49
Q

What were Frederick II’s major contributions?

A

Tried to unite Germany and Italy, gave some of his power to the nobles weakening his own

50
Q

What was the key change agent of Germany?

A

War

51
Q

What was the major conflict of Germany?

A

Italy vs Germany

52
Q

What were the Scandinavian countries?

A

Denmark, Norway, Sweden

53
Q

Describe the state of Scandinavia.

A

Lots of fighting but eventually Christianity pacified them

54
Q

Who were the Teutonic Knights?

A

Warriors sent from Germany to the East/North to convert Pagans; wound up enslaving pagan slavs

55
Q

Who were the Mongols?

A

A group of warring people from Mongolia, who ravaged Europe and Asia; conquered Kievan Rus

56
Q

Describe Kiev?

A

A sophisticated country that traded with the Byzantine Empire;eventually became Russia

57
Q

Who is Nevsky?

A

Prince of Moscow who helped the Mongols; began the creation of Russia

58
Q

How was the church becoming more of a secular power?

A

Local lords would appoint bishops, so the bishops focused on them and not God

59
Q

Describe the Cluniac Reform.

A

began in Bergundy; William of Aquitaine wanted to found a monastery that was kept independent from secular control; worked on transcribing documents

60
Q

Describe the Reform of the Papacy.

A

goal was to separate election of church officials by lords; Pope Gregory tried to stop lay investiture and threatened kings with deposition

61
Q

Gregory VII vs King Henry IV

A

Henry was using bishops for power and Gregory excommunicated him; this struggle remained until the Concordant of Worms (bishops had to be elected by church officials)

62
Q

What were Pope Innocent’s beliefs about his control in Europe?

A

He believed that he had control over European affairs

63
Q

Who were the Cistercians?

A

A group of monks that lived a beggar’s lifestyle; shortened time at services and more time for prayer/work

64
Q

Describe women’s roles in the new religious ideals.

A

women who were not able/unwilling to find husbands usually joined; helped with services in cities

65
Q

What was a saint?

A

A man or woman who had done special deeds while on earth; most important was the Virgin Mary

66
Q

What was heresy?

A

The contradiction of the Orthodox church

67
Q

What was Catharism?

A

Stated that their was good (spiritual) and evil (earthly); this was a duelist system; claimed that church was evil

68
Q

Describe the persecution of Jews.

A

people who protected them were in danger; Popes tried to defend; blamed for Jesus’ death; Had to wear clothing and live in ghettos; eventually kings began to expel them

69
Q

Describe intolerance and homosexuality.

A

portrayed as custom of Muslims and considered a sin against nature

70
Q

Who were the Shi’ite?

A

A people who attempted to unite Islams; started Fatimid dynasty; because rivals of Sunni in Baghdad; divided Islam world; Nile supported; used nonnatives as mercenaries

71
Q

Who were the Seljuk Turks?

A

used mercenaries; eventually captured Baghdad

72
Q

Why did the Byzantine Empire begin to weaken?

A

leaders were fighting and losing power; the Eastern and Western Orthodox church fought (Pope Leo IX and Michael Cerulius excommunicated each other)

73
Q

Describe the fight between Byzantine and Turks.

A

The Turks conquered and the peasants were willing to join them; eventually Alexius I won it back

74
Q

What was Alexius I’s biggest mistake?

A

He asked for help from the West. The Pope saw this as an opportunity to regain the Holy Lands

75
Q

Who was Peter the Hermit?

A

The leader of the Peasant’s Crusade that ravaged the Balkans but were massacred in Asia

76
Q

What did the First Crusades accomplish?

A

In five weeks the Holy Lands were captured and four crusader states were formed (relied on Italian port cities)

77
Q

What was the cause of the Second Crusades?

A

the recapture by the Muslims of Edessa

78
Q

Who were the leaders of the Second Crusades?

A

Bernard Clarveax, King Louis VII, Conrad III

79
Q

What was the cause of the Third Crusades?

A

Saladin a Muslim ruler reconquered Jerusalem

80
Q

Who were the leaders of the Third Crusades?

A

Barbarossa, Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II Augustus

81
Q

What was the accomplishment of the Fourth Crusades?

A

Pope Innocent III conquered the Byzantine Empire to neutralize a trading competitor

82
Q

Who was the leader of the Children’s Crusade and what happened to it?

A

Nicholas of Cologne; sent home by the Pope

83
Q

What happened in the Fifth Crusades?

A

tried to recover Holy Lands via Muslims in Egypt; this failure ended Papal control of Crusades

84
Q

Who was the leader of the Sixth Crusades?

A

Frederick II

85
Q

What occurred in the Sixth Crusades?

A

Fred II was handed the crown of Jerusalem without a fight; after he left the Turks conquered again

86
Q

What were some effects of the Crusades?

A

Number of Young warriors became less; Italian port cities prospered; enhanced trade; massacre of Jews became regular practice

Science/History (4 decks)

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