CHP6-7 Process of memory 7B-D (AOS2)

Question 1

Retrieval cue

Answer 1

A stimuli that act as a prompt to locate, access, and recover information from long-term memory.

Question 2

Context-dependent cues

Answer 2

Stimuli in the physical environment where memory is recalled that act as a prompt to retrieve memories formed in that environment.

Question 3

State-dependent cues

Answer 3

Aspects of an individual’s psychological and physiological experience at the time memory was formed that later act as a prompt to retrieve that memory.

Question 4

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 4

Repeating new information over and over again to functionally enhance the duration of short-term memory and transfer it into long-term memory.

Question 5

List the two types of rehearsal

Answer 5

Maintenence, and elaborative rehearsal

Question 6

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 6

Encoding new information by meaningfully linking it to information already stored in long-term memory to enhance its storage and later retrieval.

Question 7

Serial position effect

Answer 7

A tendency for free recall to be superior for items at the end and beginning of a list compared to items in the middle.

Question 8

Delay serial position effect

Answer 8

Superior recall for words at the start of a list due to last words not being in the short-term memory after a delay.

Question 9

Primacy effect

Answer 9

Enhanced or superior recall of information presented at the beginning of a list due to this information being rehearsed and transferred into long-term memory.

Question 10

Recency effect

Answer 10

Enhanced or superior recall of information presented at the end of a list due to this information remaining in short term-memory. The recency effect is typically stronger than the primacy effect.

Question 11

Recall

Answer 11

To supply or reproduce facts or information that is stored in long-term memory, using few or no cues for assistance.

Question 12

Free recall

Answer 12

Retrieving information from memory in any order without the use of a prompt. It is the the second most sensitive measure of retention.

Question 13

Cued recall

Answer 13

Retrieving information from memory with the use of a prompt or cue. It is the the most sensitive measure of retention.

Question 14

Serial recall

Answer 14

Retrieving information from memory in the order in which it was first encoded or learnt. It is the least sensitive measure of retention.

Question 15

Recognition

Answer 15

Identifying or recognising the original learnt information amongst a list of possible alternatives.

Question 16

Relearning (method of savings)

Answer 16

Learning information another time after having already learned this information in the past. It is measured by a saving score which calculates the percentage of information retained from original learning.

Question 17

List the three retrieval methods

Answer 17

Recall, recognition, and relearning;

Question 18

Reconstruction

Answer 18

The process of reproducing and piecing together information from memory in an attempt to form a coherent representation of a past event or stimuli.

Question 19

Eye-witness testimony

Answer 19

A firsthand account given by an individual of an event they have directly observed.

Question 20

Leading questions

Answer 20

Questions that contain information that implies or prompts a certain response.

Question 21

List a technique for improving or enhancing memory

Answer 21

Mnemonic devices

Question 22

Mnemonic devices with examples

Answer 22

Techniques for organising and integrating the information with other information already stored in long-term memory.

For example:
• Acronyms (e.g. ANZAC)
• Rhymes (e.g. 30 days has September)

Question 23

What are the factors that can influence the accurate recall of previously witnessed events?

Answer 23

Poor viewing, brief exposure, stress, expectations, and personal stereotypes and biases;

Question 24

List the recall methods

Answer 24

Free, cued, serial recall;

Question 25

List the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 25

• A decrease in cognitive functions, such as the ability to plan, problem-solve, think logically, and organise
• Memory loss, especially declarative memories
• Imbalance in acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)

Question 26

Maintenance rehearsal advantages

Answer 26

Increases short-term memory duration, good for meaningless information;

Question 27

Maintenance rehearsal disadvantages

Answer 27

Does not assist long-term retention, easily interrupted by new information;

Question 28

Elaborative rehearsal advantages

Answer 28

Increases understanding as it required deeper processing, increases long-term retention;

Question 29

Elaborative rehearsal disadvantages

Answer 29

More time consuming and requires more conscious effort;