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Pharmacology > Chp 7-8 OTC drugs, Herbal & Dietary Supp/Gene Therapy > Flashcards

Chp 7-8 OTC drugs, Herbal & Dietary Supp/Gene Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Over the counter (OTC) drugs

A

medications that are legally available without a prescription

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2
Q

How many OTC drugs are currently available?

A

over 300,000

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3
Q

What are OTC drugs used for?

A

short-term treatment of common minor illnesses

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4
Q

Why did the FDA initiate an OTC Drug Review in 1972?

A

to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the OTC products available, as well as to establish appropriate labeling standards.

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5
Q

What happened as a result of the OTC Drug Review in 1972?

A

approx one-third of the OTC products were determined to be safe and effective for their intended uses, and one-third were found to be ineffective. A small number were considered to be unsafe, and the remainder required submission of additional data.

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6
Q

When can a prescription drug be reclassified as an OTC?

A

If the drug meets the criteria for OTC drugs

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7
Q

What are some drugs that have been reclassified as OTC?

A 
Ibuprofen (Advil)
naproxen (Aleve)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
loratadine (Claritin)
famotidine (Pepcid AC)
omeprazole (Prilosec OTC)
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8
Q

OTC medications now account for about what percent of all medications used in the U.S.?

A

60%

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9
Q

What are the potential hazards of OTC drugs?

A
  • may postpone effective treatment of more chronic disease states
  • may delay treatment of serious and/or life-threatening disorders
  • may relieve symptoms of a disorder but not the cause
  • toxicity
  • interactions with current prescription medications may occur
  • abuse
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10
Q

hepatotoxicity

A

chemical-driven liver damage.

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11
Q

dietary supplement

A

broad term for orally administered alternative medicines and includes the category of herbal supplements.

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12
Q

herbs

A

plant components, including bark, berries, rots, leaves, gums, seeds, stems, and flowers, used for their medicinal qualities

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13
Q

herbal medicine

A

using herbs to heal

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14
Q

complementary/integrative medecine

A

the simultaneous use of both traditional and alternative medicine

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15
Q

What do consumers use herbs for?

A
  • therapeutic agents for treatment and cure of diseases
  • prophylactic agents for long-term prevention of disease
  • proactive agents to maintain health and wellness and “boost” one’s immune system.
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16
Q

What conditions can be treated with herbal products?

A
  • anxiety
  • arthritis
  • colds/cough
  • constipation
  • depression
  • fever
  • headache
  • infection
  • insomnia
  • stress
  • ulcers
  • weakness
  • premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
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17
Q

What are some commonly used herbal products?

A
  • aloe
  • echinacea
  • feverfew
  • garlic
  • gingko
  • ginseng
  • goldenseal
  • hawthorn
  • st. john’s wort
  • saw palmetto
  • valerian
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18
Q

Nucleic acids

A

biochemical compounds consisting of two types of molecules: DNA and RNA

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19
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid - makes up the chromosomes and encodes the genes

20
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid - makes proteins from information from DNA

21
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures in the nuclei of cells that contain threads of DNA, which transmit genetic information, and are associated with ribonucleic acid molecules and synthesis of protein molecules

22
Q

Genes

A

the biological unit of heredity; a segment of a DNA molecule that contains all of the molecular info required for the synthesis of a biologic product such as an RNA molecule or an amino acid chain (protein molecule)

23
Q

Alleles

A

the two or more alternative forms of a gene

24
Q

genotype

A

the particular alleles present at a given site on the chromosomes that determine a specific genetic trait for that organism

25
Q

phenotype

A

the manifested physical trait of ones genotype

26
Q

inherited disease

A

a disease caused by passage of a genetic defect from parents to offspring

27
Q

genetic disease

A

any disease caused by a genetic mechanism

28
Q

acquired disease

A

any disease that develops in response to external factors and is not directly related to a person’s genetic makeup

29
Q

genetic predisposition

A

certain genes in a person’s cells that increase the likelihood of a specific condition

30
Q

genetics

A

the study of the structure, function, and inheritance of genes.

31
Q

What are the four organic bases in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

32
Q

chromatin

A

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

33
Q

Human Genome Project

A

an unprecedented research project whose main goal was to identify the estimated 30,000 genes and 3 billion base pairs in the DNA of an entire human genome.

34
Q

What were additional goals of the Human Genome Project?

A
  • developing new tools for genetic data analysis and storage
  • transferring newly developed technologies to the private sector
  • addressing the inherent ethical, legal, and social issues involved in genetic research and clinical practice
35
Q

What was the outcome of the Human Genome Project?

A

improved prevention, treatment, and cures for disease

36
Q

When was the Human Genome Project started and when did it end?

A

started in 1990

completed in 2003

37
Q

Gene therapy

A

experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease

38
Q

How does gene therapy work?

A

(gene transfer) doctors treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

39
Q

What are several approaches to gene therapy that are being tested?

A
  • replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy of the gene
  • introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease
  • inactivating a mutated gene that is functioning improperly
40
Q

what is the goal of gene therapy?

A

to transfer exogenous genes that will either provide a temporary substitute for, or initiate permanent changes in, the patient’s own genetic functioning to treat a given disease.

41
Q

recombinant DNA (rDNA)

A

artificially produced DNA splices that are injected into the patient’s body during gene transfer

42
Q

recombinant forms of drugs

A

drugs made using recombinant DNA (rDNA) vectors

especially biologic drugs such as hormones, vaccines, antitoxins, and monoclonal antibodies

43
Q

eugenics

A

the intentional selection before birth of genotypes that are considered more desirable than others.

44
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

the combination of two scientific disciplines: pharmacology and genomics; involves how genetics (genome) affect the body’s response to drugs.

45
Q

genetic polymorphisms

A

variants that occur in the chromosomes of 1% or more of the general population

46
Q

personalized medecine

A

applications of pharmacogenomics

47
Q

DNA Microarray

A

(also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome.

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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