Chp 6 - Test 2

Question 1

What does the term population or universe mean?

Answer 1

All the people who possess a particular characteristic

- Or in the case of texts, all the messages that share a characteristic of interest

Question 2

What does the term target population or public mean?

Answer 2

The population or public of interest

Question 3

What does the term sample mean?

Answer 3

A subset of the population chosen by the researcher to study because it would be difficult, if not impossible to contact all members of the population

Question 4

What is a cross-sectional sample?

Answer 4

A sample drawn at one point in time for a cross-sectional study

Question 5

What is a panel sample?

Answer 5

A selected sample that is follows its members over time, returning to study it more than once

Question 6

What is a cohort-trend sample?

Answer 6

Researchers go back to the field to gather data but draw new samples each time

Question 7

What are the probability sampling methods?

Answer 7

• Random Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling
• Systematic or Ordinal Sampling,
• Stratified Sampling
• Cluster Sampling

Question 8

How is the sampling procedure carried out?

Answer 8

• Define the target population carefully/determines who is in or out of the study.
• He/she selects some individuals to examine
• Obtain a sampling frame (a “list” of everyone in the target population)
• Prepare the list.
• Use the margin of error to determine how many names to draw from the sample
• Follow the sampling procedures to identify
  which names from the list will be included in the sample.

Question 9

What are the nonprobability sampling approaches?

Answer 9

• Convenience Sample
• Volunteer Sample
• Purposive Sample
• Quota/dimensional Sample
• Network/Snowballing Sample

Question 10

What if you have a small, minority group in a population?

Answer 10

Use stratified sampling to help and weights scores to compensate for oversampling -
It results in an “overly large sample” of a minority group

Question 11

What are the nonprobability sampling approaches?

Answer 11

• Convenience Sample
• Volunteer Sample
• Purposive Sample
• Quota/dimensional Sample
• Network/snowballing Sample

Question 12

Why would one use a nonprobability sample when a probability sample is generalizable to (represents) the whole population?

Answer 12

The benefits to using nonprobability sampling techniques are that they are less resource intensive and are generally more accessible and convenient to work with.

Question 13

What is Random sampling? How is it carried out?

Answer 13

• Chance alone determines who is selected, research does not make any decision as to whom is selected.
• Every person in a population has an equal chance of being included.

Question 14

What is Simple Random Sampling? How is it carried out?

Answer 14

• Type of Probability Sampling
• Randomly selecting indviduals froma sampling frame
• Like pulling names from a hat

Question 15

What is/How do you use Systematic or Ordinal Sampling?

Answer 15

• Type of Probability Sampling

1. Choose every nth person from a complete list of the population after a randomly selected starting point
2. Often used with large populations, because it’s easier to use with long lists
3. Avoid biases in the structure of the list

Question 16

What is/how do you use Stratified Sampling?

Answer 16

• Type of Probability Sampling

1. Categories a population with respect to a characteristic that a researcher considers to be important, creating two groups
2. Sample randomly from each group.
3. Results in an “overly large sample” of a minority group.
4. Weights scores to compensate for oversampling

Question 17

What is/how do you use Cluster Sampling?

Answer 17

• Type of Probability Sampling
• Often used when lists of individuals can’t be identified.
  1. A sampling frame is made up of lists of clusters.
  2. Clusters are pre-existing natural or administrative groups in the population (*can be geographic locations *other common groupings, like universities)
  3. Researcher first samples clusters, then individuals from the clusters chosen.