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Axial Skeleton > Chp 6 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chp 6 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What composed the skeletal system (SS)?

A
  • Bones of Skelton
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Connective Tissue
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2
Q

What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage minerals and lipids
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
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3
Q

What does the SS support?

A
  • Entire body

* A framework for the attachment of soft tissue

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4
Q

What minerals and lipids does SS store?

A
  • Calcium (most abundant)

* Yellow bone marrow

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5
Q

Where are the cells produced in SS?

A

• Red bone marrow

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6
Q

How does the SS provide protection?

A
  • skeletal structures surround many soft tissues and organs

* ex. Ribs protect the lungs and heart

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7
Q

What does leverage of the SS mean?

A

• force generated by the Skeletal muscles that can change the magnitude and direction

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8
Q

How are bones classified?

A

• Shape
• Internal tissue organization
-Compact, spongy
• Bone markings

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9
Q

What are the 6 bone shapes?

A
  1. Sutural bones
  2. Irregular bones
  3. Short bones
  4. Flat bones
  5. Long bones
  6. Sesamoid bones
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10
Q

How are suture bones?

A
  • small
  • irregular bones
  • “Wormain bones”
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11
Q

Where can you find Suture Bones?

A

• Between the flat bones of the skull

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12
Q

How are Irregular bones??

A
  • Complex shapes

* notches and processes

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13
Q

Where can you find Irregular bones?

A
  • examples include
    • Vertebrae
    • Coxal bones
    • Pelvic bones
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14
Q

How are short bones?

A
  • similar in length and width

* roughly cubed shaped

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15
Q

What are some examples of short bone?

A
  • Carpals

* Tarsals

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16
Q

How are flat bones?

A
  • Thin like a plate

* Parallel surfaces

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17
Q

Why are flat bones important?

A

• Protect underlying structures/ soft tissue
• serve as large surface area for tendon and ligament attachment
(Skeletal muscles)

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18
Q

Where can you find flat bones

A
  • Cranial Bones
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Scapula
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19
Q

How are Long bones?

A
  • longer than wide
  • most common type of bone
  • range from very large femur to small phalangeal bones
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20
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A
  • arm and forearm
  • leg and thigh (largest, heaviest)
  • Palm
  • soles
  • fingers
  • toes
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21
Q

How are sesame if bones?

A
  • small

* flat

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22
Q

Where are sesame if bones found?

A
  • Develop inside tendons
  • near joints at hands, knee, feet
  • ex: patellas
  • other places may vary
  • up to 26 locations
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23
Q

What is another name for bone markings?

A
  • surface features

* landmarks

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of bone markings?

A
  1. Elevation or projections
  2. Depression or groove
  3. Tunnels
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25
Q

What happens at elevations and projections?

A
  • Tendons and ligaments attach

* Articulations with other bones

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26
Q

What happens at Depressions or groove?

A

• Something else fits along side the bone surface

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27
Q

What happens at the Tunnels?

A

• Blood and nerves enter bone

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28
Q

Landmark names for elevations and projections

A
  1. Process

2. Ramus

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29
Q

What are processes?

A

• projection or bump

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30
Q

What is a ramus?

A
  • extension of a bone

* forms angle with the rest of the structure

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31
Q

Landmark names for openings

A
  1. Sinus
  2. Foramen
  3. Fissure
  4. Meatus
  5. Canal
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32
Q

What is a sinus?

A
  • chamber w-in a bone

* normally filled with air

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33
Q

What is a foramen?

A

• rounded passageway for blood/ vessels and/or nerves

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34
Q

What is a fissure?

A
  • deep furrow
  • cleft
  • slit
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35
Q

What is a meatus?

A
  • passage or channel

* opening of a canal

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36
Q

What is a canal?

A
  • duct

* channel

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37
Q

In what processes do ligaments and tendons attach?

A
  1. Trochanter
  2. Crest
  3. Spine
  4. Line
  5. Tubercle
  6. Tuberosity
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38
Q

WhT is a trochanter?

A

• large rough projection

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39
Q

What is the crest of a bone?

A

• prominent ridge

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40
Q

What is a spine?

A

• pointed process

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41
Q

What is the line?

A

• low ridge

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42
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

• small, rounded projection

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43
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

• rough projection

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44
Q

Landmark names for depressions

A
  1. Sulcus

2. Fossa

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45
Q

What is a sulcus m?

A

• narrow groove

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46
Q

What is a fossa?

A

• shallow depression

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47
Q

What processes form where joints (articulations) occur between adjacent bones?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Facet
  4. Condyle
  5. Trochlea
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48
Q

What is the head?

A

• articulate end of epiphysis

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49
Q

What is the neck?

A

• narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis

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50
Q

What is the facet?

A
  • small, flat

* articular surface

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51
Q

What is Althea condyle?

A

• smooth, rounded articulate process

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52
Q

What is a trochlea?

A
  • smooth, grooved articulates process

* shaped mine a pulley

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53
Q

What are the 3 parts of a long bone?

A
  1. Epiphysis
  2. Diaphysis
  3. Metaphysis
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54
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

• the wife part at each end of a long bone

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55
Q

What happens at the epiphysis?

A

• articulation a with other bones

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56
Q

Describe the epiphysis

A
  • mostly spongy (cancellous) bone

* covered with compact bone (cortex)

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57
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

• shaft of long bone

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58
Q

Describe the diaphysis

A
  • heavy wall of compact bone

* has a central space

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59
Q

What is the central space of the diaphysis called?

A

• medullary (marrow) cavity

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60
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

• where the diaphysis and the epiphysis meet.

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61
Q

What does the structure of a flat bone resemble?

A

• a sandwich of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone

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62
Q

What is the compact part of a flat bone called?

A

• cortex

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63
Q

WhT is the spongy part of a flat bone called?

A

• diploë

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64
Q

What type of CT is bone (osseous) tissue?

A

• dense, supportive CT

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65
Q

What kind of cells does bone tissue contain?

A

• specialized cells

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66
Q

What does bone tissue produce?

A

• solid matrix

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67
Q

What is the solid matrix made out of?

A

• Calcium salt deposits that organized around collagen fibers

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68
Q

What are the characteristics of bone tissue?

A
  • dense matrix
  • osteocytes
  • canaliculi
  • periosteum
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69
Q

What does the dense matrix contain?

A
  • Calcium salts
  • fibrous protein
  • osteocytes (bone cells) w/in lacunae
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70
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

• organized around blood vessels

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71
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

• pathways for access to blood vessels

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72
Q

What does canaliculi do?

A

• exchange nutrients and waste

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73
Q

What is periosteum?

A

• cover of outer surfaces

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74
Q

What does periosteum consists of?

A
  • outer fibrous layer

* inner cellular layer

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75
Q

What are the 2 components of bone matrix?

A
  1. Minerals

2. Matrix Proteins

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76
Q

How much of bone matrix is composed of minerals?

A

• 2/3 calcium phosphate

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77
Q

What happens when calcium phosphate reacts wth other minerals?

A

• forms crystals of hydroxyapatite

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78
Q

How much of bone matrix is made of proteins?

A

• 1/3 collagen

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79
Q

How much of bone mass is made up of bone cells?

A

• 2%

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80
Q

How many types of cells does bone contain?

A

•4

  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteogenic cells
  4. Osteoclasts
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81
Q

What are osteocytes cells?

A
  • mature bone cells
  • maintain bone matrix
  • do not divide
82
Q

Where are osteocytes found??

A

• living in lacunae, between layers of lamellae

83
Q

How are osteocytes connected through each other?

A

• through cytoplasmic extensions of canaliculi

84
Q

Whats te the 2 major functions of osteocytes?

A
  1. Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix that continually dissolve and rebuild matrix
  2. Repair damage bone
85
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • immature bone cells

* osteogenesis

86
Q

What does osteoblasts do?

A
  • secrete matrix compound

* builds

87
Q

What is the matrix produced by osteoblasts called?

A

• osteoid

88
Q

Why can osteoid form bone?

A

• not yet calcified

89
Q

What happens when osteoblasts is surrounded by bone?

A

• it becomes osteocytes

90
Q

Where is osteoblasts found??

A

• outer edge

91
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

• Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts

92
Q

What is another name for osteogenic cells?

A

• osteoprogenitor cells

93
Q

Where are osteogenic cells located?

A
  • endosteum that lines medullary cavity

* inner cellular layer of periosteum

94
Q

What does osteogenic cells assists with?

A

• fracture repair

95
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

• giant, multinucleate cells

96
Q

What does osteoclasts secrete?

A
  • acids and protein-digesting enzymes

* to remove and recycle bone matrix

97
Q

What is the process of dissolving bone matrix and release of stored minerals called?

A

• osteolysis (lysosomes)

—–degradation

98
Q

What maintains homeostasis of the bone?

A
  • osteoblasts (builds)

* osteoclasts (recycles)

99
Q

What happens when more breakdown than building occurs?

A

• bones become weak

100
Q

What type of exercise causes osteoblasts to build bone?

A

• weight bearing exercise

101
Q

What is the beach unit of compact bone?

A

• osteon

102
Q

Osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae around what type of canal?

A

• central canal containing blood vessels

103
Q

What runs perpendicular to central canals?

A

• perpendicular canals

104
Q

What do perpendicular canals do?

A

• carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

105
Q

What is wrapped around the long bone?

A

• circumferential lamellae

106
Q

What does circumferential lamellae do?

A

• binds osteons together

107
Q

Instead of osteon, what does spongy bone have?

A

• open network or trabeculae

108
Q

Does trabeculae contain blood vessels?

109
Q

With what is the space between trabeculae filled with?

A

• red bone marrow

110
Q

What does ten bone marrow contain?

A
  • blood vessels
  • red blood cells
  • nutrients for osteocytes
111
Q

What other type of marrow can sometimes be found in spongy bone?

A

• yellow bone marrow

112
Q

Why is yellow bone marrow it’s color?

A

• contains fat cells

113
Q

What is compact bone covered with?

A

• periosteum

114
Q

The periosteum covers all bones; except?

A

• parts enclosed in joint capsules

115
Q

Collagen fibers of the periosteum that connect with collagen fibers of bone are called?

A

• perforating fibers

116
Q

What do perforating fibers also connect wth?

A
  • fibers of joint capsules
  • tendons
  • ligaments
117
Q

What are the 3 functions of the periosteum?

A
  1. Isolate bone from surrounding tissue
  2. Provides route for circulatory and nervous supply
  3. Participates in bone growth and repair
118
Q

What is compact bone covered by on the inside?

A

• endosteum

119
Q

Around what age does human bone growth stops?

120
Q

What is the formation of bone called?

A

• ossification

121
Q

What is the process of depositing calcium salts into the bone during ossification called?

A

• calcification

122
Q

What are the 2 mains forms of ossification?

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

123
Q

What is it called when a bone replaces existing cartilage?

A

• Endochrondral ossification

124
Q

What is it called when a bone develops directly from connective tissue?

A

• Intramembranous ossification

125
Q

Which of the process of bone making involves cellular differentiation?

126
Q

What is cellular differentiation?

A

• cells change their gene expression in response to signal molecules

127
Q

In endochondral ossification; where do ossified bones originate from?

A

• hyaline cartilage

128
Q

Where do most bones originate from?

A

• hyaline cartilage

129
Q

How many steps is there in endochondral ossification?

130
Q

Where does those 7 steps occur?

A

• during fetal development

131
Q

What happens during step1?

A
  • cartilages enlarges
  • chondrocyte swear center increases in size
  • matrix reduces and begins to calcified
  • enlarged chondrocytes die and disintegrate leaving cavities in cartilage
132
Q

What happens in step2?

A
  • blood vessels grown around the edges of the cartilage
  • cells in the periosteum convert to osteoblasts
  • shaft of cartilage becomes ensheathed
133
Q

What happens in step3?

A
  • blood vessels penetrate the cartilage, invade central region
  • fibroblast differentiate into osteoblasts, producing spongy bone
  • bone formations spreads along shaft
134
Q

What happens in step 4?

A
  • remodeling occurs as growth continues
  • medullary cavity is created
  • osseous tissue thickens
  • cartilage near epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone
135
Q

What happens at step5?

A
  • capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphysis

* creates secondary ossification center

136
Q

What happens at step6?

A
  • epiphysis becomes filled w/ spongy bone
  • metaphysis (epiphyseal plate) is created
  • on the shaft; osteoblasts invades cartilage and replaced it with bone
  • new cartilage is produced at epiphyseal side
137
Q

What happens at step6 at the epiphyseal region? ? Pt2

A
  • In the epiphyseal cartilage chondrocyte organize into zones
  • chondrocyte continue to divide/enlarge/degenerate
  • osteoblasts migrates and replaces cartilage with bone
138
Q

What happens at step7?

A
  • at puberty; epiphyseal cartilage slows down
  • rate of osteoblasts accelerates
  • epiphyseal closure happens
  • epiphyseal line is left behind
  • thin cap of original cartilage remains for articulation
139
Q

What is the epiphyseal closure?

A

• narrowing of the epiphyseal cartilage until it disappears

140
Q

What is another name for intramembraneous ossification?

A

• dermal ossification

141
Q

Why is it called dermal ossification?

A

•occurs at the dermis

142
Q

What type of bone is created during intramembraneous ossification?

A

• dermal bones

143
Q

What are some examples of dermal bones??

A
  • mandible

* clavicle

144
Q

When does intramembraneous ossification begin?

A

• around 7th week of embryonic development

145
Q

How many steps of intermembranous ossification is there?

146
Q

What happens in step1 if dermal ossification?

A
  • mesenchymal cells group together and becomes osteoblasts

* starts to secrete organic compounds of the matrix

147
Q

What happens in step2 of dermal ossification?

A
  • some osteoblasts get trapped inside bony pockets
  • trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
  • developing bone fries outward in small struts called spicules
148
Q

What happens in step3 of dermal ossification?

A
  • blood vessels begin to branch out and grow between spicules
  • rate of bone growth accelerates
  • as spicules interconnect; they trap blood vessels w/in bone
149
Q

What happens in step4 of dermal ossification?

A

• deposition of bone by osteoblasts located close to blood vessels result in PLATE of spongy bone

150
Q

What happens in step5 of dermal ossification?

A
  • Osteons are produced

* osteoblasts become periosteum

151
Q

How is blood supplied to mature bone?

A
  1. Nutrient artery and vein
  2. Metaphyseal vessels
  3. Periosteal vessels
152
Q

What happens at nutrient artery and vein?

A
  • single pair of large blood vessels enter diaphysis through nutrient foramen
  • femur has more than 1 pair
153
Q

What does the metaphyseal vessels do?

A

• supply epiphyseal cartilage where bone growth occurs

154
Q

What does the periosteal vessels do?

A
  • supply blood to superficial patrons

* secondary ossification centers

155
Q

What happens to 1/5 of the human skeletal each year?

A

• it is recycled and replaced

156
Q

What does this process of remodeling involve?

A
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
  • osteoclasts
157
Q

What happens if deposit is greater than removal?

A

• bones get stronger

158
Q

What happens if removal is greater than replacement?

A

• bones get weaker

159
Q

How does mineral recycling affect bones?

A

• allows bones to adapt to stress

160
Q

What happens to heavily stressed bones?

A

• become thicker and stronger

161
Q

How much bone can degenerate after a few weeks of inactivity?

162
Q

What are some source of. Untrue ts we must consume?

A
  • calcium
  • phosphate salts
  • magnesium
  • fluoride
  • iron
  • manganese
163
Q

What hormone facilitates calcium and phosphorus absorption?

A

• calcitriol

164
Q

What is required for synthesis of calcium and phosphate?

A

• vitamin D3

165
Q

What are some important vitamins we need to consume?

A

• A, C, K and B12

166
Q

What hormones stimulate bone growth?

A
  • growth hormone

* thyroxine

167
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

• thyroid hormone

168
Q

What stimulates osteoblasts?

A
  • estrogen

* androgen

169
Q

What regulates calcium and phosphate levels?

A
  • calcitonin

* parathyroid hormone

170
Q

Why is calcium important?

A

• for function of membranes, neurons and muscle cells

171
Q

How much of the body is calcium and phosphate?

172
Q

How much of the body contains carbonate?

173
Q

How much of the body contains magnesium?

174
Q

How much of the body co rains sodium?

175
Q

How much of the. It’s contains potassium?

176
Q

What maintains homeostasis of hormones and calcium?

A
  • calcitonin

* parathyroid hormone

177
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

• in bones

178
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

• in digestive Tract

179
Q

Where is calcium excreted?

A

• kidneys

180
Q

Where is parathyroid (PTH) hormone produced?

A

• parathyroid glands in neck

181
Q

How does PTH increases calcium ion levels?

A
  1. Stimulates osteoclasts
  2. Increase interstitial absorption
  3. Decrease calcium excretion
182
Q

What secretes calcitonin and where?

A
  • C cells

* in thyroid

183
Q

What is another name of C cells?

A

• parafollicular cells

184
Q

How does calcitonin decrease calcium ion levels?

A
  1. Inhibiting osteoclasts activity
  2. Decrease interstitial absorption of calcium
  3. Increases calcium excretion at kidneys
185
Q

How many steps are needed to repair fractures?

186
Q

What is step1 of fracture repair?

A
  • blessing produces clot

* establishes fibrous network

187
Q

What is step2 of fracture repair?

A
  • cells of endosteum and periosteum decide and move into fracture area
  • form calluses of cartilage/bone to stabilize fracture
188
Q

What is step3 of fracture repair?

A
  • osteoblasts replace cartilage of callus with spongy bone

* straits of spongy bone connect broken ends

189
Q

What is step4 of fracture repair?

A
  • osteoclasts and osteoclasts remodel bone for up to a year

* when remodeling is complete, calluses dare gone and compact bone remains

190
Q

What is inadequate ossification that occurs between ages 30 and 40?

A

• osteopenia

191
Q

How much bone mass do women lose per decade?

192
Q

How much bone mass do men lose per decade?

193
Q

What are the bones most affected by age?

A
  • epiphyses
  • vertebrae
  • jaws
194
Q

What realists with bone mass reduction?

A
  • fragile limbs
  • height reduction.
  • tooth loss
195
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

• severe bone loss

196
Q

What is the percentage of woman and men that have osteoporosis?

A
  • 29% of woman
  • 18% of men
  • over 45 yrs of age
197
Q

When does bone loss in woman accelerate?

A

• after menopause

198
Q

What helps maintain bone mass?

A

• estrogen and androgen

199
Q

In cancer patients; what do cancerous tissue release?

A

• osteoclasts- activating factors

200
Q

What does osteoclasts- activating factors stimulates?

A

• osteoclasts which produces severe osteoporosis

Axial Skeleton (6 decks)

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