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physiology > chp 6 quiz > Flashcards

chp 6 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within the cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the extracellular matrix are ________.

A

integrin proteins

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2
Q

Which of the following types of transport does not require membrane proteins?

A

simple diffusion

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3
Q

A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through it is called ________.

A

selectively permeable

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4
Q

active transport_______

A

utilizes energy

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5
Q

the rate of diffusion is influence by______

A

the concentration gradient, membrane permeability, membrane surface area

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6
Q

hydrophobic molecules usually enter a cell via

A

diffusion

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7
Q

A six molar sucrose (molecular weight = 342g) solution would contain ________.

A

2052g sucrose per liter

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Ion channels that can be opened by physiological stimuli are said to be ________.

A

gated

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10
Q

The transport of amino acids across epithelial membranes requires the ________.

A

Na+/H+pump

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11
Q

Where are GLUT carriers located in an unstimulated muscle fiber?

A

within the cytoplasmic vesicles

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12
Q

Glucose transported via the GLUT carrier is characterized as ________.

A

passive transport

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13
Q

Active transport carriers are also called ________.

A

pumps

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia would ________ the resting membrane potential of the cell.

A

decrease

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15
Q

If the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ was 10mEq/L and the extracellular concentration was 150mEq/L, the Ca2+ equilibrium potential would be ________.

A

+35.9mV

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16
Q

If the Na+/K+ pump did not function, the ________ of the cell would become more ________.

A

interior; positively-charged

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17
Q

The sodium equilibrium potential using an extracellular Na+ concentration of 145 mEq/L and an intracellular concentration of 14 mEq/L would be approximately ________.

A

+62mV

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules?

A

enzymatic signaling

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19
Q

Regardless of solubility, a cell signaling molecule could not affect a target cell without ________.

A

specific receptor proteins within the cell or in the plasma membrane

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20
Q

Where is the G-protein complex when a regulatory molecule is not bound to its receptor?

A

The three subunits are together AND attached to the inner surface of the receptor.

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21
Q

What determines how a regulatory molecule influences its target cell?

A

polarity, solubility, presence of receptor proteins for the regulatory molecule

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22
Q

Active transport requires______

A

both ATP and a carrier protein

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23
Q

the binding of ATP to the carrier protein causes______

A

the carrier to change its shape

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24
Q

The movement of substances across the plasma membrane will continue until the ATP is used up

A

true

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25
Q

What would occur if the specific carrier protein is absent from the plasma membrane?

A

the molecule it would carry would not be transported

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26
Q

The directional movement of ions by facilitated diffusion through protein channels is determined by __________________.

A

the electrochemical gradient of the ion being transported

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27
Q

Simple and facilitated diffusion differ because _____________.

A

facilitated diffusion requires the presence of a transport protein within the plasma membrane, while simple diffusion does not Correct

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28
Q

Changes in the membrane potential trigger the opening or closing of ____________________.

A

voltage gated channels

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29
Q

The ____________________ determines if glucose moves into or out of the hepatocyte.

A

glucose concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluid Correct

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30
Q

A reduction in the number of glucose carrier proteins within the plasma membrane _____________ the rate of glucose diffusion.

A

decreases

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31
Q

Physiological saline is a solution containing 0.9% NaCl. A cell in 1.5% NaCl is in a(n) ___________________ solution.

A

hypertonic

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32
Q

The movement of water by osmosis is always from a _____________.

A

high to low concentration

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33
Q

Water you drink is absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract. An increase in water intake causes a(n) ___________________ in the plasma osmolarity.

A

decrease

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34
Q

An IV solution of 0.45% NaCl is ________________ and induces the movement of water ________________.

A

hypotonic; into cells

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35
Q

Primary and secondary active transport proteins differ in that primary active transport proteins __________________.

A

move both molecules against their gradients, while secondary active transport proteins couple the movement of an ion down its gradient with the movement of another molecule against its gradient

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36
Q

The Na+/K+ ATPase moves sodium in the _________________ direction compared with the direction it travels through sodium leakage channels.

A

opposite

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37
Q

The sodium-iodide symporter plays a role in the accumulation of iodide in the thyroid gland. Here, one iodide gets converted to one iodine, which is utilized for the formation of either of the two types of thyroid hormones, T3 and T4. T3 and T4 are named after the number of iodines found in each of these hormones. To produce a single molecule of T3, a total of ____________ sodium ions must move down their concentration gradients by secondary active transport. The movement of iodide ions occurs in the _________________ direction as sodium ions.

A

six;same

38
Q

Ouabain is a poison that binds to the Na+/K+ pump in the cell membrane and inhibits its action. The expected result of this poison on secondary active transport is ______________________________.

A

a loss of the ion concentration gradient that drives this process Correct

39
Q

Cellular products such as hormones and neurotransmitters are released by the process of __________________.

A

exocytosis

40
Q

Phagocyosis and pinocytosis differ in that _____________.

A

phagocytosis allows for the transport of larger particles than pinocytosis Correct

41
Q

The most specific type of endocytosis is ________________________.

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis Correct

42
Q

which fluid compartment contains water found within body cells?

A

intracellular compartment

43
Q

how does active transport differ from passive transport?

A

Active transport requires use of ATP, while passive does not., Active transport goes against the concentration gradient, while passive goes along the gradient, Active transport must use a carrier molecule, while passive occurs with or without a carrier.

44
Q

The extracellular matrix includes ________.

A

collagen

45
Q

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when ________.

A

the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution

46
Q

which of the following factors affects the rate of diffusion?

A

temperature, size of molecules, steepness of the concentration gradient,

47
Q

the molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move

A

false

48
Q

Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.

A

true

49
Q

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of ________.

A

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

50
Q

Osmosis is best defined as the movement of __________.

A

water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

51
Q

which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

A

small nonpolar molecules

52
Q

a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will____.

A

shrink

53
Q

a 5% DEXTROSE SOLTUION IS hyptonic solution

A

false

54
Q

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net movement of water.

A

true

55
Q

The osmolality of a red blood cell is __________.

A

300 mOsmoles

56
Q

Red blood cells in an isotonic solution are __________.

A

disc-shaped

57
Q
A
58
Q

Red blood cells put in a hypertonic solution will __________

A

shrivel and become crenated

59
Q

red blood cells put in a hypotonic solution will_____

A

be destroyed by hemolysis

60
Q

Human erythrocytes function best in a(n) __________ solution

A

isotonic

61
Q

Having an increased amount of solutes in the blood, such as glucose, would cause ________.

A

increased plasma osmolality

62
Q

the normal osmolality of plasma is:

A

300 mOsm

63
Q

Having elevated solutes in the blood leads to dehydration because

A

The higher solute concentration in the urine draws the water out of the body Correct

64
Q

What normally prevents blood cells and proteins from diffusing into the filtrate in the urine?

A

they are too large

65
Q

Hydrogen ions can pass through a dialysis membrane because:

A

they are moving down their concentration gradient

66
Q

edema occurs:

A

tissue osmolality is too high

67
Q

Which of the following would be used to reduce cerebral edema?

A

mannitol

68
Q

if phosphates are transferred in the transport process it is active transport

A

true

69
Q

What does the hydrolysis of ATP do in a Ca2+ pump or Na+/K+ pump?

A

Temporarily blocks both exits of the carrier

70
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires __________

A

carrier proteins

71
Q

facilitated diffusion occurs:

A

in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule

72
Q

facilitated diffusion is used to transport

A

sugars

73
Q

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump ________.

A

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

73
Q
A
74
Q

what is the source of energy used to power the sodium potassium pump?

A

hydrolysis of ATP

75
Q

During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves ________.

A

3 Na+ out of and 2 K+ into the cell

76
Q

simple diffusion

A

Involves the movement of lipid soluble molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

77
Q

Active transport

A

Involves the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration

78
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Includes the movement of small organic molecules through a protein located within the plasma membrane

79
Q

The extent to which an ion contributes to the value of the equilibrium potential depends on ________.

A

the valence of the ion, the ion concentration outside the cell, the ion concentration inside the cell

80
Q

If a plasma membrane was only permeable to calcium ions, the resting membrane potential would be ________.

A

equal to the equilibrium potential for Ca+2

80
Q
A
81
Q

Which of the following correctly characterizes resting membrane potential?

A

Slightly more positive than the potassium equilibrium potential

82
Q

When the acetylcholine receptor sites are not occupied

A

the sodium channels remain closed

83
Q

When the acetylcholine binds to the receptor sites, __________.

A

the sodium channels open

84
Q

Once acetylcholine binds to the receptor, it causes ________.

A

the sodium ions diffuse through and enter the cell

85
Q

Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur.
1. Binding of ligand to receptor site
2. Dissociation of G protein subunits
3. Diffusion of calcium ions into the cell

A

1,2,3

86
Q

The activation/inactivation of G proteins occurs as a result of ________.

A

GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis

87
Q

Choose the statement that correctly describes a ligand.

A

A small molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor

88
Q
A
89
Q

Initially, bound to the alpha subunit of the G-protein is a(n) __________.

A

GDP MOLECULE

90
Q

As a result of the ligand binding to its site, ________.

A

the G-protein changes conformation and GTP replaces the GDP on the alpha subunit

physiology (10 decks)

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