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physiology > ch7 assignment questions > Flashcards

ch7 assignment questions Flashcards

1
Q

The arrival of the action potential at the presynaptic terminal causes ________.

A

calcium to enter the presynaptic terminal through voltage-gated calcium channels Correct

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2
Q

The increase in calcium ion concentration causes ________.

A

release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft

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3
Q

Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and ________.

multiple choice 3

A

binds to ACh receptors that open ligand-gated sodium channels

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4
Q

What is the purpose of acetylcholinesterase on the postsynaptic membrane ________.

A

it is an enzyme that breaks acetylcholine down into acetic acid and choline

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5
Q

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

The area between the presynaptic nerve cell and the postsynaptic muscle cell is termed the synaptic cleft.

A

true

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7
Q

Receptors that bind the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell membrane are voltage-gated.

A

false

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8
Q

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes __________.

A

calcium ions to diffuse into the cell Correct

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9
Q

At the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine __________.

A

diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber

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10
Q

What is the effect of the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

A

It causes ligand gated sodium channels in the muscle fiber to increase their permeability to sodium, which depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane

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11
Q

Once threshold is reached on the postsynaptic membrane, an action potential is generated and propagated over the postsynaptic cell membrane.

A

true

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12
Q

If acetylcholine is not removed from the receptor, can a new action potential stimulate the muscle cell?

A

no

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13
Q

What is the nigrostriatal tract?

A

neural tracts that release dopamine and are involved in motor control

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14
Q

what amino acid is a precursor of dopamine

A

tyrosine

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15
Q

What degrades and inactivates dopamine after it has stimulated the postsynaptic neuron?

A

monoamine oxidase

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16
Q

Where is dopamine needed to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

basal nuclei

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17
Q

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes __________.

A

voltage gated calcium ion channels to open and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell

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18
Q

Acetylcholine has which effect on the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses inward.

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19
Q

Which of the following occurs when an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal?

A

Synaptic vessels fuse with the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine

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20
Q

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE?

A

The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge

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21
Q

During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is TRUE?

A

Na+ gates open before K+ gates.

22
Q

Depolarization occurs because __________.

A

more Na+ diffuses into the cell than K+ diffuses out of it

23
Q

Repolarization occurs because __________.

A

potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close

24
Q

Hyperpolarization, or after potential occurs because _______

A

the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level

25
Q

An action potential __________.

A

causes the inside of the neuron cell membrane to become positively charged in reference to the outside

26
Q

An action potential generates local currents that tend to __________ the membrane immediately adjacent to the action potential.

A

depolarize

27
Q

The absolute refractory period causes action potential propagation to ___________.

A

occur in one direction

28
Q

When voltage-gated sodium channels are open, sodium flows _____________ the neuron making the inside of the cell more _______________.

A

into: postitive

29
Q

The following information best describes the _____________ phase of an action potential.

A membrane potential reading of +10 mV
Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels
Open voltage-gated potassium channels

A

reploarization

30
Q

Normally, sodium and potassium leakage channels differ because ___________________.

A

sodium ions diffuse through leakage channels into the cell, but potassium ions diffuse through leakage channels out of the cell Correct

31
Q

A resting membrane potential of –70 mV indicates that the ________________.

A

charges lining the inside of the plasma membrane are negative compared to the charges lining the outside

32
Q

Graded potentials are produced within the _______________________ segment of a neuron.

A

receptive

33
Q

At the synaptic terminal, voltage-gated ______________ channels open, thereby stimulating the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis.

multiple choice 1

A

calcium

34
Q

If acetylcholinesterase became mutated and nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?

multiple choice 2

A

Acetylcholine would build up in the synaptic cleft.

35
Q

If a drug was developed that interfered with the proper functioning of the microtubules found within the axons of neurons, how would you expect this to impact axonal transport processes?

A

Both anterograde and retrograde transport processes would cease.

36
Q

The enzyme choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and choline resulting in the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This enzyme is produced within the cell body of neurons, but the synthesis of acetylcholine occurs within the axon terminals. Which statement best describes the axonal transport mechanism associated with this process?

A

choline acetyltransferase is transported in the anterograde direction

37
Q

Suppose that a new virus is discovered that specifically infects motor neurons. Assume that this virus enters neurons in conjunction with choline molecules. Once inside the cell, the virus enters the nucleus and replicates. Which direction describes the axonal transport route taken by this virus?

A

retrograde transport

38
Q

Graded potentials are produced within the _______________________ segment of a neuron.

multiple choice 1

A

receptive

39
Q

Graded potentials result from the opening of ________________

A

ligand-gated channels

40
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential results from the opening of ____________________.

A

potassium and/or chloride channels Correct

41
Q

Indicate the summative effect that brings the initial segment closest to threshold.

A

two EPSPs in proximity to each other

42
Q

_______________ the time between signals sent from the same presynaptic terminal increases the strength of the graded potential. This is an example of ________________ summation.

A

reducing; temporal

43
Q

Substances that cause facilitation of a neuron ____________________________.

A

cause the neuron to fire that may not under the same circumstances in the absence of the facilitator Correct

44
Q

Assume in a laboratory you were able to isolate a neuron and remove the Acetylcholine receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. The substance _________________ would no longer cause facilitation of this neuron.

A

nicotine

45
Q

action potential occur______

A

in the unmyelinated regions of an axon

46
Q

Demyelinating diseases cause a(n) ______________ in the conduction velocity of action potentials.

multiple choice 2

A

decrease

47
Q

If demyelination occurs, why don’t action potentials occur at regions of the axon that were previously myelinated?

A

These regions lack the appropriate concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels

48
Q

If acetylcholinesterase became mutated and nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?

A

acetylcholine would build up in the synaptic cleft

49
Q

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal dopamine system may cause __________.

A

severe motor problems

50
Q

Which of the following is/are a characteristic of GABA as a neurotransmitter?

A

it is inhibitory, it opens Cl- channels into the cell, it helps control voluntary movement

51
Q
  1. Painkillers Endogenous opioids
  2. Appetite stimulant Neuropeptide Y
  3. Inhibits NT release; may aid memory and learning Endocannabinoids
A
  1. Blood vessel dilation, relax other smooth muscles Nitric oxide
  2. Promotes odor adaptation Carbon monoxide
  3. Dilation of cerebral blood vessels ATP
51
Q
A

physiology (10 decks)

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