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Psych3227A > Chp 6: Memory > Flashcards

Chp 6: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (5)

A

Receptor for the neurotransmitter glutamate

  • Glutamate being the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
  • Receptor found throughout the brain
  • Highly concentrated in the hippocampus
  • Important receptor participating the physiological basis of learning and memory - long-term potentiation - LTP
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2
Q

Early Study of Memory (3+3)

A

Suggested widely distributed encoding and storage of information

  • identify locations of learned habits
  • Lesions to neocortex
  • Severing neural pathways

Examine:

  • Maze way finding
  • Puzzle manipulation (door opening)
  • Visual discriminations
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3
Q

Early Study of Memory: Conclusions from this research… (3)

A

No one part of the brain on the neocortex damage cause issue to learning and memory

Seemed to be more widespread damage was: the more issues/ impairments exist

  • supports the notion that learning and memory happen over distributed systems
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4
Q

1953 - Patient HM - Surprising Result (5)

A

Great surprise, when following the removal of a particular region of the brain, the result was

  • elimination of the patient’s ability to complete his own autobiography
  • Lost the ability to lay down new memories
  • Generalised epileptic seizures
  • Growing progressively worse in severity and frequency
  • High doses of medication not helping

Was seen by Dr. William Scoville

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5
Q

Lobectomies

A

Take off the medial temporal lobes bilaterally (on both sides)

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6
Q

Retrograde memory impairment

A

forgetting memories in the past

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7
Q

Anterograde memory impairment

A

inability to form new memory

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8
Q

Consequence of HM’s surgeries

A
  • As a treatment for epilepsy, quite effective
  • However, severe anterograde memory impairment was presented

Quite alarming to Scoville, who contacted neurosurgeon, Dr. Wilder

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9
Q

Dr. Brenda Milner and HM (3)

A

• Examined HMs memory deficits resulting from bilateral removal of his medial temporal lobes
• Global Anterograde Amnesia - numerous aspects of his ability to learn and remember are affected
• Impaired in spatial/topographical learning about the events occurring

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10
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Retrograde Amnesia (2)

A

Time-dependent retrograde amnesia

  • Severity of injury determines how far back in time amnesia extends
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11
Q

Theories of Retrograde Amnesia (3)

A
  • System Consolidation Theory
  • Multiple-trace Theory
  • Reconsolidation Theory
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12
Q

System Consolidation Theory (3)

A
  • Role of the hippocampus is to consolidate memories and then send them to be stored elsewhere in the brain
  • Accounts for preservation of old memories
  • As more damage occurs, the more old memories will be lost
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13
Q

Multiple-trace Theory (Cabeza & Moscovitch) (5)

A

Three kinds of memory for events:

  • Autobiographic memory: Hippocampus
  • Factual semantic memory: Temporal Lobe
  • General semantic memory: other cortical areas
  • Each type is dependent on a different brain area
  • Old memories are more resistant to amnesia because they change location in the brain as they are recalled
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14
Q

Autobiographic Memory Might be re-transcribed

A

eg. Autobiographic mem is actually in temporal lobe into semantic
- Like when ur fam tells you about what you’ve done in the past

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15
Q

Reconsolidation Theory (Haubrich & Nader) (2)

A
  • A memory reenters a labile phase when it is recalled and is then restored as a new memory
  • Results in many different traces for the same event
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16
Q

Not all memory was obliterated following HMs surgery (2)

A
  • Skills (motor learning)
  • Mirror drawing task
17
Q

Priming and a task example (2)

A
  • A stimulus is used to sensitize the nervous system to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus
  • The Gollin Incomplete- Figures Test
18
Q

Multiple Memory Systems (Brenda Milner)

A

based on evidence that different kinds of information are processed and stored in different parts of the brain:

Short term
Long term:

  • Declarative
  • episodic
  • semantic
  • Non-declarative
  • Procedural
  • Priming, conceptual learning
  • simple classical conditioning
  • non-associative learning
19
Q

Impairments in Implicit Memory
J.K. - Born 1914 (4)

A

Petroleum engineer 45 yrs
Mid 70s Parkinson’s symptoms

  • Implicit memory deficits
  • Forgot how to turn on lights
  • Tried to use tv remote to turn off the radio
  • Preserved memory for events and new experiences
20
Q

Explicit Memory - HM (3) Residual, and brain part

A

HM - had some residual memory
(Letting ppl in faster)
- People around him, researchers become familiar
- His own reflection as an older man becomes familiar
- Familiarity encoding in a remaining part of his medial temporal lobe- Parahippocampal gyrus

21
Q

Neural Substrates of Explicit Memory: Where? (1)

A

Herbert Petri and Mortimer Mishkin

  • Temporal-frontal lobe: neural basis for explicit memory
22
Q

Anatomy of the Hippocampus: Ammon’s horn

A

1st C:
Dentate gyrus: projects to Ammon’s horn

2nd C:
Ammon’s horn

23
Q

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Granule Cells (3)

A
  • Stellate cells of the dentate gyrus
  • “sensory” cells

Star shaped: stellate cells, afferent info

24
Q

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Pyramidal Cells

A
  • Cells of Ammon’s horn
  • “Motor” cells

Ammon’s horn: big pyramidal cells

25
Q

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Perforant Pathway

A

Connection between the hippocampus and the posterior neocortex

input pathway

26
Q

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Fimbria-fornix

A

Connects the hippocampus to the thalamus, frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and the hypothalamus

Output, move info forward

27
Q

Damage to the hippocampus: Studies of hippocampal patients demonstrate four conclusions: (4)

A
  • Anterograde deficits are more severe
  • Episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories
  • Autobiographic memory is especially affected
  • Patients cannot time travel to the past or future
27
Q

Hemispheric Specialization for Explicit Memory: Right Temporal Cortex (3)

A
  • Removal leads to deficits on face recognition, spatial position, and maze learning
  • Visually Guided Stylus Maze
  • Corsi Block-Tapping Test
28
Q

Hemispheric Specialization for Explicit Memory: Left Temporal Cortex (3)

A
  • Removal leads to deficits in recall of word lists, recall of consonant trigrams, and on the Hebb Recurring-Digits test
  • Hebb Recurring-Digits test: Remember Digits
  • Learning- acquisition curve
29
Q

Hemispheric Specialization for Explicit Memory: Frontal Cortex (3)

A

Left Prefrontal Cortex
- Encodes semantic and episodic information

Right Prefrontal Cortex
- Retrieves episodic information

HERA pattern
- Hemispheric Encoding and Retrieval Asymmetry

30
Q

Explicit memory formation: information coming into the temporal lobe (order) (5)

A

Please Eat Dirty CatS
Order of information transmission:
1) Parahippocampal cortex
2) Entorhinal cortex
3) Dentate gyrus; first part of the hippocampus
4) CA4 (Ammon’s Horn: other component of the hippocampus)
5) subiculum

30
Q

Hippocampus in explicit memory formation (2) the two special parts in it

A

Dentate gyrus; first part of the hippocampus

CA4 (Ammon’s Horn: other component of the hippocampus)

31
Q

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory, and order (4)

A

NBVP- Never Be Villainous Penis

Circuit for implicit memory
- Neocortex and basal ganglia

1) Rest of the neocortex (Sensory and motor cortex)

2) Basal ganglia (substantia nigra: dopamine)

3) Ventral thalamus

4) Pre-motor cortex

32
Q

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory: Basal Ganglia (3)

A
  • Huntington’s chorea
  • Loss of cells in the basal ganglia
  • Leads to deficits on tests of implicit memory
33
Q

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory: Motor Cortex (2)

A
  • Activated during learning of the Pursuit-Rotor Task
  • Acquisition of implicit knowledge requires a reorganization of the motor cortex
34
Q

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory: Cerebellum (2)

A
  • Plays a role in classical conditioning
  • Lesions to the cerebellum abolish conditioned responding to a puff of air to the eye

Psych3227A (11 decks)

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