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Psych3227A > Chp 10: Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Chp 10: Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury

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2
Q

Past cases mentioned on neuroplasticity

A

Michelle
- Stroke in utero
- Missing left hemisphere
- Language shift to right hem.

Jody
- Rasmussen’s Encephalitis
- Right hemispherectomy
- Dexterity issues with left hand

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3
Q

Stages of neurodevelopment (7)

Never Make Dog Mom Smell Cat’s Farts

A
  • Neurogenesis
  • Migration
  • Differentiation
  • Maturation
  • Synaptogenesis
  • Cell death and synaptic pruning
  • Formation of myelin
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4
Q

Neurogenesis: Neural Tube (Development of Brain) (4)

A
  • Rolled up sheet of cells that will form the brain and spinal cord
  • Begins developing about 3 weeks after conception

Neural groove folds to become neural tube

7 months: Sulci and syri start to form
100 days and 7 months: most obv for external apparence

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5
Q

Neurogenesis: Neural Stem Cells (Development of Brain) (4)

A
  • Grow out of the neural tube
  • Capacity for Self-renewal
  • Produce progenitor cells that produce neuroblasts and glioblasts

Ventricular zone

  • Lined with neural stem cells
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6
Q

Damage susceptibility at developing brain

A

4 and a half months: finish neuro blast,

  • Less susceptible to damage: still generate neurons

After 4 ½:

  • More susceptible to damage
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7
Q

Cell Migration (4)

A
  • Continues to about 8 months after birth
  • Brain is more sensitive to trauma during migration

Radial Glial Cells

  • Extend from the ventricular zone to cortex
  • Neurons migrate out by traveling along the cells
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8
Q

Differentiation (2)

A
  • Neuroblasts become specific types of neurons
  • Complete at birth
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9
Q

Neural Maturation: Development of the dendrites (3)

A
  • Dendritic arborisation
  • Growth of dendritic spines
  • Slow process, continues after birth
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10
Q

Neural Maturation: Development of the axons (3)

A
  • Have specific targets to reach
  • Grow away from the cell body
  • Some follow chemical or electrical signals
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11
Q

Postnatal differentiation of human cerebral cortex around Broca’s area (3)

A
  • Neurons first show simple dendritic fields
  • Fields increase in complexity until child reaches approximately 2 years of age
  • This parallels the development of language
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12
Q

Synapse Formation and Pruning, 5 phases

Good Rabbit Poops Pleasantly

A

– 10^14 connections – 100 000 000 000 000
Genes, cues, and signals guide the formation of synapses

Five phases

  • 1 and 2: Generated independently of experience (40000 synapses/ sec)
  • 3: Rapid growth (Related to experience)
  • 4: Plateau and rapid elimination through puberty (100000 synapses per second: being moody)
  • 5: Plateau in middle age and steady decline with age
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13
Q

Synapse Formation and Pruning: Experience Expectant

A
  • Development depends on the presence of sensory experiences
  • Phases 3 and 4
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14
Q

Synapse Formation and Pruning: Experience Dependent

A
  • Generation of synapses that are unique to the individual
  • Phases 3,4, and 5
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15
Q

Glial Development (4)

A

Begins after neuronal birth and continues through life

Myelination (Myelogenesis)

  • Allows for normal adult function
  • Begins after birth and continues until 18 years old
  • Different areas of the cortex are myelinated at different times
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16
Q

Myelination

A

Tertiary areas myelinate last

Highest levels of cognitive functioning

17
Q

Cortical thinning (3)

A
  • Over course of development, thickness of cortex decreases
  • Pattern of cortical thinning mirrors the myelination patterns
  • Found thinner grey matter functioning was associated and increasing verbal ability and reading comprehension
18
Q

The Adolescent Brain (5)

A
  • Increased neural plasticity
  • Decreased cortical thickness
  • Increases in glial cells
  • Changes in connectivity/synapse reduction

Sensitive to damage

  • Stress, psychoactive drugs, brain trauma, harmful relationships
19
Q

Experience plays role in sculpting the brain (4) Speaking:

A

how much the child is being spoken to:

  • Promotes cortical thinning
  • Serve and return one-on-one

Parentese: speaking in high voice

  • Can help speaking ability
20
Q

Lack of experience: Case of Genie

A

Kept in room and no speaking
Kept in crib, inability to walk

Aft 6 months, passed critical period
More than 18 months, has a generally lower IQ, (15 less)

21
Q

Adverse Childhood Experiences (3)

A
  • Abuse
  • Neglect
  • Household challenges
22
Q

Deprive animal of visual stimulation in one eye

A

Ocular dominance:

Input come in left and right eye,

Sew left eye shut, prune the unused and extend the one terminal being used

23
Q

Terminal arborization (3)

A

arborization describes the tree-like branching out of dendrites.

  • This branching out allows dendrites to make new synaptic connections.
  • extensive arborization can be considered a sign of complexity due to the increased number of synaptic connections it allows for
24
Q

Do domestic animals and wild animals have a different brain growth?

A

Yes

  • Cortical areas are smaller in domestic animals
  • Biggest reduction in size in the visual cortex (35%)
  • General size reduction is 10-20%
25
Q

Environmental complexity and the brain (4)

A

Increases in:

  • Glial density
  • Dendritic length
  • Dendritic Spines (more potentials for connections)
  • Synapse size
25
Q

Environmental enrichment: key ingredients (rats) (3+3)

A

1) Opportunities of physical activities
2) Social interactions
3) Changing environment (novelty)

Showed:

  • Better at learning memory tasks
  • Showed better skilled motor movements

Not all rats respond to complex environments the same

26
Q

Response of dendrite and spine (2) to environment encrichment

A

Dendritic length:

  • Increase regardless of age

Spine density:

  • Decrease in spine density when young
  • Not all animal respond the same
27
Q

Prenatal effect of mother’s enrichment

A

Pregnant dams receiving tactile stimulation or environmental enrichment produced big brained babies

Tactile Stimulation = Same Effect as env enrichment

28
Q

Plasticity in representational zones: Individuals who played stringed instrument

A
  • Left hand used more
  • Fingers used a lot more, the amount of brain space devoted will increase
  • Expansion in representation in somatosensory cortex
  • Start very young, expansion is larger than starting later in life
29
Q

Brain Injury and Plasticity (5) (age and recovery)

A
  • Mid 1800’s observation of language development in children with left frontal lesions, but still developed normal adult language

IDEA: brain injury milder and effects more short lived when sustained in childhood

  • Kennard principles (children has better recovery)
  • Hebb – studied poor outcomes following childhood prefrontal damage

(Not always true, depend on where the brain in damaged
Prefrontal damage is worse,
But Kennard principle is generally true )

30
Q

Which year of life is most sensitive to damage?

A

1st

31
Q

Potential Treatment (4)

A

A potentially very potent treatment

  • tactile stimulation

Soft brush strokes promoting recovery

  • Synaptogenesis
  • Increases BFGF: Basic-fibroblast growth factor
  • Increases acetylcholine
32
Q

Neurotrophic Factor (4)

A
  • Also known as growth factor
  • Chemical compound that supports growth and differentiation in developing neurons
  • May be important for supporting survival of neurons in adulthood
  • bFGF is one example of a neurotrophic factor
33
Q

BDNF: brain derived neurotrophic factor

A

Another neuotrophic factor

More important than bFGF

34
Q

What physical changes underlie growth? (6)

A
  • Neurogenesis (new neurons)
  • Axon terminal arborization
  • Dendrites spines grow (arborization)
  • Expansion of cell body (soma)
  • Increased synaptic connections
  • Long Term Potentiation: neurons that fire together, wire together
35
Q

Once neural tissue has been destroyed and lost…

A

through neuron death, that brain tissue won’t be regenerated, it is lost forever, like an amputation

36
Q

Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain (on slides)

A

Subventricular zone : new neurons are born here too

Psych3227A (11 decks)

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