Chp 5 Behavioral Approaches Flashcards
Factors that influenced the development of the second force
1) animal intelligence (clever hans)
2) increased focus on functionalism = observable and objective ways to describe behavior
3) development of cognitive theory and the modern computer
4) cognitive neuroscience
Core concepts associated with the second force
1) focus on behaviors and behavioral change
2) measurement, evaluation, and research= counseling goals and effectiveness of approach
3) the 3 waves = behavior therapy (1), cognitive behavior therapy (2), 3rd wave behavior therapy (DBT)
Albert Bandura
Most important developer in behavioral therapy and social learning theory
B.F. Skinner
Developer of behavioral therapy and operant conditioning/laid the foundation for behavior modification
Behavior Therapy: 3 Main Ideas
1) focuses on observable rather than unconscious
2) focuses on present rather than the past
3) focuses on short term treatment and clear goals
Goal of behavior therapy
modify behavior to make it more adaptive
Behaviorism relies on the idea that people are shaped by experiences and learning/conditioning
The following principles are common among behavior therapies
- genetics play a role but experiences are more important in individual differences
- behavior is learned
- all behavior has a purpose
- therapy should focus on understanding and changing behavior
- based on scientific method
- goals should be specific, behavioral, and measurable
- focus on present
- behaviors must be viewed in context/enviro.
- environment can be manipulated to change behaviors
- education, teaching, and promoting new learning is important
- client should be active and have primary responsibility/collaborative
Concepts foundational to understanding behavioral therapies/theories of learning
1) classical conditioning
2) operant conditioning
3) social learning theory
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning that occurs overtime when a repeated presentation of a certain stimulus causes a given response when paired with something else
Extinction (CC)
is when the conditioned response decreases over time
Principles of CC that can be used in behavior therapy to change behavior
1) stimulus generalization
2) stimulus discrimination
3) systematic desensitization
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning based on consequences in the environment/ the behavior changes (increases or decreases) based on the positive or negative association of the consequence that follows
OP = behavior modification techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, and extinction can be used in therapy to change behavior
The more frequently the consequence occurs, the stronger the association of behavior/consequence
If the behavior is rewarded/positively reinforced more frequently, the tendency to do that behavior is stronger
Stimulus-Response (S-R)
a habit or habitual response
Counterconditioning
can reverse the habit – pairing the behavior with an incompatible response to the same cue
Social Learning Theory
a type of learning in which individuals learn by observing and modeling others
Modeling (SLT)
when people imitate other peoples behaviors
The therapeutic process emphasizes
1) assessment and evaluation of objective behaviors
2) identification of target behaviors
3) selection of interventions
4) ongoing assessment and monitoring to determine effectiveness
5) follow up assessments
Therapeutic process is (structured, active, learning oriented)
unlearning maladaptive behaviors and replace them with new/learned adaptive behaviors
Therapeutic goals (should be clear, specific, measurable, and collaborative)
to help clients be more flexible and sensitive in their reactions to their environment and to establish tools that are effective in helping them meet their needs
Therapist function and role
therapist aim to develop a strong therapeutic alliance
Step by step process that behavior therapists follow
1) assessment to collect data and conceptualize clients
2) establish individualized counseling goals (contingency contract)
3) monitor behavior, assess effectiveness of interventions, and modify goals as needed
4) follow up assessments to determine counseling effectiveness
Relationship between therapists and client
1) therapists should learn about clients strengths, values, and interests
2) should select interventions based on individual client
3) therapist view client holistically (behavior, thoughts, and feelings all matter)
4) therapist respect individual differences
Therapist should focus on formalized treatment plans, goals and objectives, and homework assignments
Therapeutic techniques and procedures
- assessment
- operant conditioning techniques
- classical conditioning techniques
- skills training
Assessment
gathering initial information using variety of assessment approaches
Counselors are interested in learning (assessment)
- what the problem looks like
- what happens before the problem occurs
- what happens after the problem occurs
Functional behavioral assessment (conducted using the Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence Model)
are used to identify the reasons for certain behaviors by identifying the relationships between stimulus and responses
ABC Model
A) what happens before the behavior, triggers, cues
B) behavior that occurs
C) what happens after the behavior (responses or events)
Operant conditioning techniques (reinforcement, punishment, extinction, shaping)
1) Reinforcement = rewards that increase a desirable behavior (more effective than punishment)
2) Punishment = used to decrease an undesirable behavior
3) Extinction = withdrawing the payoff or reinforcement of an undesirable behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring
4) Shaping = the process of gradually reinforcing particular target behaviors to approximately the desired behavior (gradual changes in behavior)
Contingency management
systematic delivery of reinforcing or punishing consequences contingent on the occurrence of a target response and the withholding of those consequences in the absence of a target response
Token economies
providing a token to the person each time the target behavior occurs (the tokens are traded for a reward)
Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)
a treatment, particularly helpful for those with autism which uses operant conditioning to elicit positive behavior change
CC techniques (often used with people who experience anxiety, phobias, panic, or trauma)
1) exposure based interventions
2) relaxation techniques
Exposure based (CC)
1) virtual reality therapy
2) implosion
3) flooding
4) systematic desensitization
5) interoceptive exposure
Relaxation techniques (CC)
1) progressive muscle relaxation
2) diaphragmatic breathing
3) biofeedback
Skills training (assertive training is used to teach individuals to empower themselves and express their feelings to others)
- communication skills
- problem solving skills
- decision making skills
- bibliography
- behavioral rehearsal
Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
involves tensing up and then relaxing/releasing the muscles to help the clients see the difference between relaxed versus tense muscles
