Chp 5 Behavioral Approaches

Question 1

Factors that influenced the development of the second force

Answer 1

1) animal intelligence (clever hans)
2) increased focus on functionalism = observable and objective ways to describe behavior
3) development of cognitive theory and the modern computer
4) cognitive neuroscience

Question 2

Core concepts associated with the second force

Answer 2

1) focus on behaviors and behavioral change
2) measurement, evaluation, and research= counseling goals and effectiveness of approach
3) the 3 waves = behavior therapy (1), cognitive behavior therapy (2), 3rd wave behavior therapy (DBT)

Question 3

Albert Bandura

Answer 3

Most important developer in behavioral therapy and social learning theory

Question 4

B.F. Skinner

Answer 4

Developer of behavioral therapy and operant conditioning/laid the foundation for behavior modification

Question 5

Behavior Therapy: 3 Main Ideas

Answer 5

1) focuses on observable rather than unconscious
2) focuses on present rather than the past
3) focuses on short term treatment and clear goals

Question 6

Goal of behavior therapy

Answer 6

modify behavior to make it more adaptive

Question 7

Behaviorism relies on the idea that people are shaped by experiences and learning/conditioning

Question 8

The following principles are common among behavior therapies

Answer 8

• genetics play a role but experiences are more important in individual differences
• behavior is learned
• all behavior has a purpose
• therapy should focus on understanding and changing behavior
• based on scientific method
• goals should be specific, behavioral, and measurable
• focus on present
• behaviors must be viewed in context/enviro.
• environment can be manipulated to change behaviors
• education, teaching, and promoting new learning is important
• client should be active and have primary responsibility/collaborative

Question 9

Concepts foundational to understanding behavioral therapies/theories of learning

Answer 9

1) classical conditioning
2) operant conditioning
3) social learning theory

Question 10

Classical Conditioning

Answer 10

a type of learning that occurs overtime when a repeated presentation of a certain stimulus causes a given response when paired with something else

Question 11

Extinction (CC)

Answer 11

is when the conditioned response decreases over time

Question 12

Principles of CC that can be used in behavior therapy to change behavior

Answer 12

1) stimulus generalization
2) stimulus discrimination
3) systematic desensitization

Question 13

Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

a type of learning based on consequences in the environment/ the behavior changes (increases or decreases) based on the positive or negative association of the consequence that follows

Question 14

OP = behavior modification techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, and extinction can be used in therapy to change behavior

Question 15

The more frequently the consequence occurs, the stronger the association of behavior/consequence

Answer 15

If the behavior is rewarded/positively reinforced more frequently, the tendency to do that behavior is stronger

Question 16

Stimulus-Response (S-R)

Answer 16

a habit or habitual response

Question 17

Counterconditioning

Answer 17

can reverse the habit – pairing the behavior with an incompatible response to the same cue

Question 18

Social Learning Theory

Answer 18

a type of learning in which individuals learn by observing and modeling others

Question 19

Modeling (SLT)

Answer 19

when people imitate other peoples behaviors

Question 20

The therapeutic process emphasizes

Answer 20

1) assessment and evaluation of objective behaviors
2) identification of target behaviors
3) selection of interventions
4) ongoing assessment and monitoring to determine effectiveness
5) follow up assessments

Question 21

Therapeutic process is (structured, active, learning oriented)

Answer 21

unlearning maladaptive behaviors and replace them with new/learned adaptive behaviors

Question 22

Therapeutic goals (should be clear, specific, measurable, and collaborative)

Answer 22

to help clients be more flexible and sensitive in their reactions to their environment and to establish tools that are effective in helping them meet their needs

Question 23

Therapist function and role

Answer 23

therapist aim to develop a strong therapeutic alliance

Question 24

Step by step process that behavior therapists follow

Answer 24

1) assessment to collect data and conceptualize clients
2) establish individualized counseling goals (contingency contract)
3) monitor behavior, assess effectiveness of interventions, and modify goals as needed
4) follow up assessments to determine counseling effectiveness

Question 25

Relationship between therapists and client

Answer 25

1) therapists should learn about clients strengths, values, and interests
2) should select interventions based on individual client
3) therapist view client holistically (behavior, thoughts, and feelings all matter)
4) therapist respect individual differences

Question 26

Therapist should focus on formalized treatment plans, goals and objectives, and homework assignments

Question 27

Therapeutic techniques and procedures

Answer 27

• assessment
• operant conditioning techniques
• classical conditioning techniques
• skills training

Question 28

Assessment

Answer 28

gathering initial information using variety of assessment approaches

Question 29

Counselors are interested in learning (assessment)

Answer 29

• what the problem looks like
• what happens before the problem occurs
• what happens after the problem occurs

Question 30

Functional behavioral assessment (conducted using the Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence Model)

Answer 30

are used to identify the reasons for certain behaviors by identifying the relationships between stimulus and responses

Question 31

ABC Model

Answer 31

A) what happens before the behavior, triggers, cues
B) behavior that occurs
C) what happens after the behavior (responses or events)

Question 32

Operant conditioning techniques (reinforcement, punishment, extinction, shaping)

Answer 32

1) Reinforcement = rewards that increase a desirable behavior (more effective than punishment)
2) Punishment = used to decrease an undesirable behavior
3) Extinction = withdrawing the payoff or reinforcement of an undesirable behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring
4) Shaping = the process of gradually reinforcing particular target behaviors to approximately the desired behavior (gradual changes in behavior)

Question 33

Contingency management

Answer 33

systematic delivery of reinforcing or punishing consequences contingent on the occurrence of a target response and the withholding of those consequences in the absence of a target response

Question 34

Token economies

Answer 34

providing a token to the person each time the target behavior occurs (the tokens are traded for a reward)

Question 35

Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)

Answer 35

a treatment, particularly helpful for those with autism which uses operant conditioning to elicit positive behavior change

Question 36

CC techniques (often used with people who experience anxiety, phobias, panic, or trauma)

Answer 36

1) exposure based interventions
2) relaxation techniques

Question 37

Exposure based (CC)

Answer 37

1) virtual reality therapy
2) implosion
3) flooding
4) systematic desensitization
5) interoceptive exposure

Question 38

Relaxation techniques (CC)

Answer 38

1) progressive muscle relaxation
2) diaphragmatic breathing
3) biofeedback

Question 39

Skills training (assertive training is used to teach individuals to empower themselves and express their feelings to others)

Answer 39

• communication skills
• problem solving skills
• decision making skills
• bibliography
• behavioral rehearsal

Question 40

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)

Answer 40

involves tensing up and then relaxing/releasing the muscles to help the clients see the difference between relaxed versus tense muscles