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BS 162 > Chp. 37 - 40 > Flashcards

Chp. 37 - 40 Flashcards

1
Q

Plants in general are inefficient in converting light into E.
How much light is absorbed, used, and then converted?

A

~1-5% is absorbed
Of that ~2% is used by the chlorophyll
Of that ~0.1-1% is converted into food E

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2
Q

What is Gross Primary Production?

A

Amount of light E converted into chem E by a group of plants over a given period of time.

GPP - (E used in maintenance & reproduction) = Net Primary Production

Net Primary Production is used for growth &/or stored

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3
Q

What is Gross Secondary Production?

A

2nd TL

GSP - (E used in maintenance & reproduction) = Net Secondary Production

Net Secondary Production is used for growth &/or stored

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4
Q

What does an Ecological Pyramid represent?

A

Demonstrates changes in #s of indv, biomass, and E as we move from the producers to the consumers TL

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5
Q

How much E is transferred from one TL to another in an Ecological Pyramid?

A

~10% E is transferred from TL to TL

~90% is lost as heat into the environment

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6
Q

Energy Definition is?
What are the two Laws of Thermo?
What kind of system is Earth?

A

Energy - The ability to do work

1st Law - E cant be created/destroyed only converted, Total amount of E in the universe is constant

2nd Law - The Entropy of the universe always increases for every transfer/transformation

Earth is an open system

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7
Q

Why are food chains relatively short?

2 Hypothesises

A

Energetic Hypothesis - Length of the food chain is limited by the inefficiency of E transfers along the chain

Dynamic stability Hypothesis:

      - Long food chains are not as stable as short ones
      - Pop fluctuations from environmental disturbances at lower TL are amplified at higher TL
      - Longer the FC the harder for top predators to recover from disturbances
      - the more unstable the environment the shorter the FC
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8
Q

What is a Food Web

A

Food Web - 2+ TL provide E for 2+ other TL

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9
Q

What is the definition of Population Ecology?

What are the three parts of Pop Ecology?

A

Population Ecology - branch of Ecology that studies the activities of populations

Density, Movement, & Population growth & #s

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10
Q

What are the three types of Population Density Distributions?

A

Random - chance
Clustered - school, herd, flock
Uniform - regularly, territories

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11
Q

What are the three types of movement?

Their definitions?

A

Emigration - Indv leaves a pop/habitat, We know where it is going
Immigration - Indv enters a pop/habitat, We know where it came from
Migration - Indv leaves a pop/habitat & returns to that pop/habitat

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12
Q

Population Growth & #s:
What is the Biotic Potential?
What is Environmental Resistance?

A

Biotic Potential (rmax) - the max rate at which a pop increases that results when all the females breed as often as possible & all indv survive beyond reproduction age under ideal conditions

Environmental Resistance - Sum of all environmental factors that collectively inhibit the growth of a pop’s #s

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13
Q

What is the equation for Environmental Resistance?
What do the variables represent?
What does the value mean?

A

ER = (K-N)/K

K: carrying capacity
N: Number of indv in pop

Meaning - a rate of increase.
- The larger the # the more indv can be added to the pop

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14
Q

What is Carrying Capacity?

A

Carrying Capacity - The average # of indv in a species pop that can be supported by a particular environment

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15
Q

Describe the ways to measure/estimate a pop density.

2 Ways

A

Direct count - Count all the indv in the habitat as long as there are defined boundaries

Estimate pop density

     - Count indv in boundaries/areas
     - Indirect indicators - # of burrows, nests, etc.
     - Mark & Recapture
              - N = (AB)/C

N: Estimated pop #
A: # first collected and marked
B: # indv caught second time (marked & unmarked)
C: # of marked indv recaptured

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16
Q

What are the two factors of Environmental Resistance?

Describe each.

A

Density Independent Factors

     - Abiotic
     - Often catastrophic
     - Extrinsic - Not dependent on pop size

Density Dependent Factors

     - Biotic - Predation, competition, disease, herbivory 
     - Maybe catastrophic
     - Intrinsic 
     - Opperates w/in orgs - genes/hormones
17
Q

What is the equation for how a pop grows under ideal conditions?

A

r (rate of growth) = (B+I) - (D+E)

B: Births
I: Immigrants
D: Deaths
E: Emigrants

18
Q

What is Exponential Population Growth?

A

EPG - population increase in #s under ideal conditions at a geometric rate

19
Q

What are the two other approaches to life history groups?

Describe them.

A

Semelparity

 - "One-Shot" Pattern - pattern of Big Bang reproduction; Produce large # of offspring
 - Favored when survival rates are low

Iteroparity
- The opposite

20
Q

Demography Definition?

What are the 3 rates?

A

Demography - Factors that determine that size & structure of a pop through time

Natality rate
Mortality rate
Survivorship rate

21
Q

Describe the 3 Demography rates.

A

Natality rate - increase in #s due only to normal rate of reproduction over time

Mortality rate - % of population dying over time

Survivorship rate - % of population still alive at verious times after birth

 - Three types:
           - Type 1: Survivorship is high throughout most of life span until a certain age then drastically decreases
           - Type 2: Probability of surviving is similar throughout most of the lifespan
           - Type 3: Survivorship is low @ beginning of lifespan & then "evens out" after a certain structure/ change occurs
22
Q

What is a Metapopulation?

A

Metapopulation - Composed of 2+ pops of species that are “linked”

 - Pops occupy discrete patches of suitable habitat, some patches are not occupied
 - Patches vary in size, quality, & isolation from other patches
 - Emigration & immigration are important
 - Species persist in balance due to local extinctions & recolonizations
23
Q

Define Community.

How can you characterize communities?

A

Community - all the indv of all species in a given area & time

  1. Vegetation and Animals
  2. Trophic structure
  3. Species abundance
    Species Richness
    Diversity
  4. Stability
  5. Comparing communities
24
Q

Describe characterizing a community by its Vegetation and Animals.

A

Type, most common, stratified

Complex vegetation provides diverse habitats for other orgs to occupy and eat

Dominant species

 - Most abundant
 - Exert "control" over occurrence & distribution of other species
 - Keystone species (predators)
          - Control community structure not numerically, but by pivotal ecological roles or niches they occupy
25
Q

What are the two hypotheses about Community Diversity?

A

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Dynamic Equilibrium Hypothesis - frequency of environmental disturbances are intermediate, this lowers competition allowing poor competitors to remain in comm.

26
Q

What is the Equilibrium Hypothesis of Island Biogeography?

A

Balance between rate at which a new species immigrate to an island and the rate at which the species on the island go extinct

Although species # is at equilibrium, species composition is not

27
Q

What were the results of the scientists who studied the Mangrove islands, FL?

A

Island size & distance from a source of colonizers were major factors

Distant islands have less species than closer islands to the mainland due to larger rates of immigration

Smaller islands reach equilibrium w/ a smaller # of species faster then larger islands b/c extinction rates are larger on smaller islands

28
Q

Why do certain species form a community while others don’t?

A

Individualistic Hypothesis - chance assemblage of species found in same area b/c they have similar abiotic requirements

Interactive Hypothesis - assemblage of closely linked species, locked into association by biotic reactions that cause the comm to function as a unit

29
Q

How are Communities organized based on relationships between TL?

A

Bottom-up model - Mineral Nutrients (N) control everything
N&raquo_space;> V&raquo_space;> H&raquo_space;> P

Top-down model - Predators control everything
P&raquo_space;> H&raquo_space;> V&raquo_space;> N

30
Q

Define Ecological Succession.

What is a relatively stable community called?

A

Ecological Succession - orderly & progressive replacement of 1 comm by another until a relatively stable comm occupies the area

Relatively stable community is called the climax community

31
Q

Describe the 2 types of succession.

A

Primary

 - Areas devoid of orgs
 - Bare rock, cliffs, new islands, new lakes, new sand dunes
 - No soil initially occurs
 - Lichens, mosses, grasses are the first orgs
 - Full exposer to sunlight
 - Temperature and moisture changes

Secondary

 - Areas where orgs have already been
 - Abandoned farmland, roadside ditches, lawns
 - Soil already exists 
 - Weeds are the pioneering orgs
 - Complexity of theses areas controlled by other orgs
32
Q

What is the climax community?

A

The last stage of succession.

  • Stability of populations
  • Complex interconnected E & mineral cycles
  • More biomass, More species diversity
33
Q

What is Herbivory and the two parts of it?

Define Herbivory Satiation?

A

Herbivory - Process by which heterotrophic animals eat part/all of a plant

Two parts:

 - Defoliation - plant destruction
 - Seed & fruit consumption

Herbivory Satiation - plants produce so many offspring that animals cant eat them all

34
Q

What is the stability of a community?

A

The ability to resist changes or the ability to return to original composition after an environmental disterbance

35
Q

How can you compare Communities?

A

The Jaccard Coefficient of community similarity

 - C/ (s1 + s2 + C)
 - Goes from 0 - 1
 - Closer to 1 the more similar

s1: Species richness in community 1
s2: Species richness in community 2
C: species that occur in both communities

BS 162 (3 decks)

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