Chp 2 Smartbook

Question 1

According to the life-span perspective, human development includes ____

Answer 1

biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions

Question 2

Which of the following typically marks the end of early childhood?

Answer 2

first grade

Question 3

Genetic inheritance, brain development, and exercise are all examples of ____ processes that affect development.

Answer 3

biological

Question 4

The ____ issue involves the extent to which development is influenced by organism’s biological inheritance and its environment experiences.

Answer 4

nature-nurture

Question 5

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, adolescents experience a developmental stage known as _____

Answer 5

identity vs. identity confusion

Question 6

Which of the following are stages in Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 6

-sensorimotor stage
-pre-operational stage
-concrete operational stage

Question 7

Which of the following are key factors of development in social cognitive theory?

Answer 7

-behavior
-environment
-cognition

Question 8

Which of the following are disadvantages of conducting lab research?

Answer 8

-the lab setting is unnatural
-participants usually know that they are being studied, which affects outcomes
-the sample group may not fairly represent diverse cultural backgrounds

Question 9

The cross-sectional approach to research?

Answer 9

simultaneously compares individuals of different ages

Question 10

Cohort effects are the due to

Answer 10

-actual age
-generation
-intelligence

Question 11

What is it called when individuals’ genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

Answer 11

heredity-environment correlations

Question 12

During gestation, a fetus’s exposure to toxins, nutrients, and other stresses can turn off some genes and stimulate the expression of others. After birth, new positive and negative experiences further modify genetic expression and the actvity of the nervous system. These represent components of:

Answer 12

epigenetic

Question 13

According to Gilbert Gottlieb’s epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

Answer 13

bidirectional

Question 14

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.

Answer 14

fertilization; birth

Question 15

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?

Answer 15

-the woman does not ovulate
-low sperm production
-blocked fallopian tubes

Question 16

Environmental influences include what?

Answer 16

-schooling
-viruses
-parenting
-neighborhood
-birth complications

Question 17

Chromosomes, the threadlike structures located in the cell nucleus, are made up of which substance?

Answer 17

DNA

Question 18

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

Answer 18

-nutritional services
-comprehensive educational services
-social services

Question 19

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and ,_______ a process in which a zygote is created.

Answer 19

fertilization

Question 20

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ______ stage of birth.

Answer 20

third

Question 21

A(n) ______ gene will only be expressed if a person does not have the ______ gene on the other half of a chromosome pair.

Answer 21

recessive; dominant

Question 22

Which of the following is a chromosomal transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Answer 22

down syndrome

Question 23

Which of the following is not one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr’s hereditary-environment correlations?

Answer 23

phenotypic

Question 24

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

Answer 24

behavior genetics

Question 25

The female egg is known as the

Answer 25

ovum

Question 26

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

Answer 26

-genetic risk factors -mothers age -medical history

Question 27

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors

Answer 27

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop.

Question 28

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)

Answer 28

teratogen

Question 29

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

Answer 29

-testing for treatable diseases -screening for manageable conditions -a defined schedule of visits for medical care

Question 30

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) Blank______ infant.

Answer 30

low birth weight

Question 31

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as

Answer 31

bonding

Question 32

How long does the postpartum period last?

Answer 32

about 6 weeks

Question 33

______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of DNA.

Answer 33

chromosomes

Question 34

According to the epigenetic view, development is:

Answer 34

due to heredity ad environment each affecting the other

Question 35

Mitosis

Answer 35

a cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides

Question 36

Meiosis

Answer 36

a specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only

Question 37

Fertilization

Answer 37

an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell

Question 38

What are some recessive characteristics?

Answer 38

-nearsightedness -freckles -blond hair

Question 39

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

Answer 39

heredity-environment correlations

Question 40

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

Answer 40

the cause of birth defects

Question 41

Low birth weight infants weigh less than ___ at birth

Answer 41

5 pounds 8 ounces

Question 42

What does the Apgar Scale evaluate?

Answer 42

-muscle tone -respiratory effort -heart rate

Question 43

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these?

Answer 43

behavior geneticists

Question 44

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

Answer 44

behavior genetics

Question 45

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, what occurs?

Answer 45

conception

Question 46

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

Answer 46

-embryonic -germinal -fetal

Question 47

what is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

Answer 47

Apgar Scale

Question 48

Fertilization typically takes place in the

Answer 48

fallopian tube

Question 49

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

Answer 49

genotype-environment correlations

Question 50

During ______ the cell's nucleus duplicated itself and the cell divides (meiosis/mitosis)

Answer 50

mitosis

Question 51

During _____ a specialized form of cell division occurs to form egg and sperm cells. (meiosis/mitosis)

Answer 51

mitosis