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Biochem B3 > Chp 18 - Amines > Flashcards

Chp 18 - Amines Flashcards

1
Q

are derivatives of ammonia, NH3, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with alkyl or aromatic groups.

A

Amines

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2
Q

contain N attached to one or more alkyl or aromatic groups.

A

Amines

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3
Q

In the IUPAC names for amines, the e in the corresponding alkane name is replaced with ____

A

-amine

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4
Q

Amines with a chain of ___(#) or more carbon atoms are numbered to show the position of the —NH2 group and any other substituents.

A

Three

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5
Q

If there is an alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, the prefix __ and ___ are placed in front of the amine name.

A

prefix N and the alkyl name

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6
Q

If there are two alkyl groups bonded to the N atom, the prefix N is used for each, and they are listed ____.

A

Alphabetically

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7
Q

Steps to write IUPAC name:

A

S1: name the longest carbon chain bonded to the N atom by replacing the e of its alkane name with AMINE

S2: Number the carbon chain to show the position of the amine group and other substituents.

S3: Any alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom is indicated by the prefix N- and the alkyl name, which is placed in front of the amine name.

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8
Q

The amine of benzene is named ____ by IUPAC

A

Aniline

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9
Q

How are Amines classified:

A

Primary (1°)
Secondary (2°)
Tertiary (3°)

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10
Q

A _____ amine has one carbon group bonded to the nitrogen atom

A

Primary (1°)

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11
Q

A _____ amine has two carbon groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.

A

Secondary (2°)

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12
Q

A _____ amine has three carbon groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.

A

Tertiary (3°)

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13
Q

Primary and secondary amines can form ____ bonds with water molecules.

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

Primary and secondary amines can form _____ bonds with each other.

A

Hydrogen

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15
Q

Tertiary amines can only form _____ bonds with water molecules

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

Nitrogen is not as electronegative as oxygen, so hydrogen bonds in amines are _____ than the hydrogen bonds in alcohols

A

Weaker

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17
Q

Amines have boiling points that are ___ than those of alkanes but ____ than those of alcohols.

A

Higher

Lower

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18
Q

Primary (1°) amines can form more hydrogen bonds and have ____ boiling points than secondary (2°) amines of the same mass.

A

Higher

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19
Q

Tertiary (3°) amines cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other and have ____ boiling points than primary or secondary amines of the same mass.

A

Lower

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20
Q

Amines with one to ##? carbon atoms, including tertiary amines, are soluble in water.

A

Six

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21
Q

As the number of carbon atoms in an amine increases in the nonpolar alkyl portions, the effect of hydrogen bonding is ____

A

Diminished

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22
Q

A ___ ___ forms when amines such as those responsible for the odor in fish are neutralized by an acid

A

Amine Salt

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23
Q

A ___ ___ forms when amines react as a Brønsted–Lowry base in a neutralization reaction with citric acid.

A

Amine Salt

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24
Q

In a ___ ___ an amine acts as a base and reacts with an acid to form an ammonium salt.

A

Neutralization Reaction

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25
Q

In a neutralization reaction the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom accepts H+ from an acid to give an ___ ___; no water is formed

A

Ammonium Salt

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26
Q

An ammonium salt is named by using its alkylammonium ion name followed by the name of the negative ion

A

cool

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27
Q

In a quaternary ammonium salt,

a nitrogen atom is bonded to four carbon groups, which classifies it as a ____ amine

A

Quaternary (4°)

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28
Q

In a quaternary ammonium salt, the nitrogen atom has a ____ charge and is not bonded to an H atom.

A

Postive

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29
Q

Ammonium salts are

___ at room temperature, odorless, and ____ in water and body fluids.

A

Solids

Soluble

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30
Q

Amines are therefore usually converted to their ___ ___ before being used as drugs.

A

Ammonium Salt

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31
Q

A heterocyclic amine is a cyclic organic compound that consists of a ring of five or six atoms, of which 1 or 2 are ____ atoms.

A

Nitrogen

32
Q

Simplest heterocyclic, five-atom ring:

A

Pyrrolidine, which is a ring of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, all with single bonds.

33
Q

____ is a five-atom ring with one nitrogen atom and two double bonds.

A

Pyrrole

34
Q

___ is a five-atom ring that contains two nitrogen atoms.

A

Imidazole

35
Q

Of the six-atom rings, ____ is responsible for the pungent aroma and taste of black pepper, is a six-atom heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom.

A

Pipreridine

36
Q

In ____, the structures of six-atom pyrimidine and five-atom imidazole are combined.

A

Purine

37
Q

___ and ___ rings are found in DNA and RNA

A

Purine and Pyrimidine

38
Q

___ are physiologically active compounds produced by plants that contain heterocyclic amines.

Used in anesthetics, in antidepressants, and as stimulants, and many are habit forming

A

Alkaloids

39
Q

___ is an alkaloid found in coffee beans, tea, chocolate, and soft drinks.
is a stimulant of the central nervous system.
increases alertness but may cause insomnia

A

Caffeine

40
Q

alkaloids obtained from the oriental poppy plant.

used as painkillers and in cough syrups

A

Morphine and Codeine

41
Q

____, obtained by a chemical modification of morphine, is strongly addictive and is not used medically.

The prescription drug OxyContin (oxycodone) is used to relieve severe pain. Its structure is similar to that of ____

A

Heroin

42
Q

A _____ is a chemical compound that transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to a target cell. Target cells may be another nerve cell, a muscle cell, or a gland cell

A

Neurotransmitter

43
Q

Neurotransmitters can be removed from the receptors in different ways (3)

A
  1. The neurotransmitter diffuses away from the synapse.
  2. Enzymes in the receptors break down the neurotransmitter.
  3. Reuptake returns the neurotransmitter to the vesicles, where it is stored.
44
Q

Neurotransmitters contain nitrogen atoms as ____ and ____;

they are synthesized from compounds such as amino acids obtained from our diets.

A

Amines and Alkylammonium Ions

45
Q

Neurotransmitters contain nitrogen atoms as amines and alkylammonium ions;
they are usually ionized, forming ___ cations and ____ anions

A

Ammonium Cations and Carboxylate Anions

46
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized by forming an ____ between choline and acetate and is stored in the vesicles.

A

Ester

47
Q

Nerve poisons such as Sarin, Soman, and Parathion
bind to the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibit its action.
result in a buildup of acetylcholine in the ____, stopping nerve transmissions.
Because acetylcholine cannot be released, the muscles in the body cannot relax, and convulsions and respiratory failure soon occur

A

Synapse

48
Q

Catecholimines are synthesized from the amino acid ____ found in meats, nuts, eggs, and cheese.

A

Tyrosine

49
Q

Amphetamine and methamphetamine
are synthetic ___ ___ ___ stimulants.
increase excitatory catecholamine neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine

A

Central Nervous System

50
Q

Dopamine reuptake may be blocked by cocaine and amphetamines, leaving dopamine in the ____.
High levels of dopamine may contribute to addictive behavior and schizophrenia.

A

Synapes

51
Q

____ is used to increase dopamine levels in the brain. Parkinson’s disease causes the midbrain nerve cells to lose their ability to produce dopamine.

A

L-Dopa

52
Q

Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine by the addition of a ___ ___ to the amine

A

Methyl Group

53
Q

____ is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, which can cross the blood-brain barrier.

A

Serotonin

54
Q

Histamine is

synthesized in nerve cells in the hypothalamus from the amino acid ____

A

Histidine

55
Q

The most abundant neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

A

Glutamate

56
Q

When glutamate binds to its receptor cells, it stimulates the synthesis of ___ ___, also a neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Nitrogen Oxide (NO)

57
Q

Gamma(γ)-aminobutyric acid, or GABA,
is produced from ____
reduces anxiety by inhibiting the ability of nerve cells to send electrical signals to nearby nerve cells.
is involved in the regulation of muscle tone, sleep, and anxiety

A

Glutamate

58
Q

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

A

Gamma(γ)-aminobutyric acid, or GABA

59
Q

Alcohol, sedatives, and tranquilizers increase the inhibitory effects of GABA. Caffeine decreases the GABA levels in the synapses, leading to conditions of anxiety and sleep problems.

A

Alrighty then

60
Q

____ are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which a nitrogen group (—NH2) of a primary or secondary amine replaces the hydroxyl (—OH) group of carboxylic acids

A

Amides

61
Q

Amides are produced

in a reaction called ___ or ___

A

Amidation or Condensation

62
Q

Amides are produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine and ___.

Amide production is accompanied by the production of water.

A

Heat

63
Q

In both the common and IUPAC names, amides are named by dropping the oic acid (IUPAC) or ic acid (common) from the carboxylic acid name and adding the suffix ____

A

-amide

64
Q

Alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen of an amide are named with the prefix __ followed by the alkyl name.

A

N

65
Q

Amides do not have the properties of bases seen in amines.

Only ____ is a liquid at room temperature, while other amides are solids

A

Methanamide

66
Q

____ amides have the highest melting points because the —NH2 group can form the most hydrogen bonds.

A

Primary (1°)

67
Q

Melting points of the secondary (2°) amides are ____ because they form fewer hydrogen bonds.

A

Lower

68
Q

Tertiary (3°) amides cannot form hydrogen bonds; they have the ___ melting points

A

Lowest

69
Q

Primary (1°) amides, can form

hydrogen bonds with water molecules making them soluble in water as long as they have less than ____ carbons

A

Five

70
Q

Secondary (2°) amides

form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, making them soluble in water as long as they have fewer than ____ carbons.

A

Five

71
Q

Tertiary (3°) amides can form ___ hydrogen bond with H2O

A

only one

72
Q

The simplest natural amide:

A

Urea

73
Q

The end product of protein metabolism in the body.

Excreted in the urine

A

Urea

74
Q

If the kidneys malfunction, urea is not removed and builds to a toxic level, a condition called ____

A

Uremia

75
Q

Aspirin substitutes
contain phenacetin and acetaminophen.
act to reduce fever and pain but have little anti-inflammatory effect

A

okey dokey

76
Q

Many barbituates
are ___ ___ of barbituric acid.
act as sedatives in small doses or sleep inducers in large doses.
are habit forming

A

Cyclic Amides

77
Q

Cocaine is…

A

a helluva drug

Biochem B3 (5 decks)

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