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Biochem B3 > Ch 17 Lipids > Flashcards

Ch 17 Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

biomolecules that contain fatty acids or a steroid nucleus

A

Lipids

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2
Q

soluble in organic solvents but not in water.

A

Lipids

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3
Q

an important feature in cell membranes, fat-soluble vitamins, and steroid hormones

A

Lipids

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4
Q

esters that can be hydrolyzed to give fatty acids and other molecules

A

sphingolipids

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5
Q

Triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids contain the alcohol ___

A

glycerol

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6
Q

Sphingolipids contain the amino alcohol ___

A

sphingosine

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7
Q

Steroids, which have a completely different structure, do not contain ____ and cannot be hydrolyzed. They are characterized by the steroid nucleus of four fused carbon rings

A

fatty acids

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8
Q

3 cyclohexanes and 1 cyclopentane

A

steroid

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9
Q

Long carbon chain with a carboxyl group

A

fatty acids

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10
Q

long, unbranched carbon chains with a carboxylic acid group at the end

A

Fatty acids

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11
Q

typically 12–18 carbon atoms long.

A

Fatty acids

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12
Q

Fatty acids are ___ when they do NOT contain C=C double bonds in the carbon chain

A

saturated

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13
Q

Fatty acids are ____ when they contain C = C double bonds in the carbon chain.

A

unsaturated

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14
Q

Common saturated fatty acids

A

lauric (coconut)

myristic (nutmeg)

palmitic (palm)

stearic (animal fat)

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15
Q

Fatty acids can be monounsaturated, with only one double C = C bond in the carbon chain. Examples?

A

palmitoleic

oleic

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16
Q

Almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have one or more ___ double bonds

A

cis

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17
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

contain only single C — C bonds and fit close together in a regular pattern, with strong dispersion forces between carbon chains

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18
Q

In unsaturated fatty acids, __double bonds cause the carbon chain to bend or kink, giving the molecules an irregular shape and thus allowing fewer interactions between molecules

A

cis

The reduced interactions in fatty acids with cis bonds reduce the melting point of the molecules.

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19
Q

Humans cannot synthesize sufficient amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as ___

A

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid

considered essential

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20
Q

are hormone-like substances produced in small amounts in most cells

A

Prostaglandins

differ by the substituents attached to the five-carbon ring.

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21
Q

are also known as eicosanoids, formed from arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms

A

Prostaglandins

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22
Q

have many functions, such as lowering or raising blood pressure and stimulating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus

A

Prostaglandins

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23
Q

prostaglandin E (PGE) has a ___ group on carbon 9

A

ketone

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24
Q

prostaglandin F (PGF) has a ___ group on carbon 9

A

hydroxyl

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25
Q

When tissues are injured, ___ is converted to prostaglandins that produce inflammation and pain in the area

A

arachidonic acid

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26
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block production of ___, decreasing pain and inflammation

A

prostaglandins

27
Q

esters of glycerol, a trihydroxy alcohol, and fatty acids

A

triacylglycerols

28
Q

formed when three hydroxyl groups of glycerol react with the carboxyl groups of three fatty acids

A

triacylglycerols

29
Q

named by changing glycerol to glyceryl and naming the fatty acids as carboxylates.

A

triacylglycerols

30
Q

The general formula of a triacylglycerol consists of three hydroxyl groups of glycerol forming ___ bonds with the carboxyl groups of three fatty acids

A

ester

31
Q

To name the fatty acid formed with three stearic acids, the name becomes glyceryl tristearate. The common name of this compound is ___.

A

tristearin

32
Q

___ are the major form of energy storage for animals

A

Triacylglycerols

33
Q

have higher melting points than do unsaturated fatty acids because they pack together more tightly.

are usually found in animal fats, coconut oil, and palm oil

A

Saturated fatty acids

34
Q

double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids react with hydrogen gas to produce carbon–carbon single bonds

hydrogen gas is bubbled through the heated oil typically in the presence of a nickel catalyst

A

hydrogenation reactions

Commercial hydrogenation = the addition of hydrogen is stopped before all the double bonds in a liquid vegetable oil become completely saturated.

the partial hydrogenation of a liquid vegetable oil changes it to a soft, semisolid fat.

35
Q

the more saturated a product the ___ its melting point.

A

higher

36
Q

Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed (split by water) in the presence of strong acids such as HCl or H2SO4, or digestive enzymes called ____

A

lipases

37
Q

is the reaction of a fat with a strong base such as NaOH in the presence of heat

splits triacylglycerols into glycerol and the salts of fatty acids

is the process of forming “soaps” (salts of fatty acids).

A

Saponification

38
Q

gives solid soaps that can be molded into different shapes when mixed with NaOH

gives softer, liquid soaps when mixed with KOH

A

Saponification

39
Q

The products of ester hydrolysis are glycerol and ____.

A

three fatty acids

The polar glycerol is soluble in water, but the fatty acids with their long hydrocarbon chains are not.

40
Q

two fatty acids that form ester bonds with the first and second hydroxyl groups of glycerol.

a hydroxyl group that forms an ester with phosphoric acid, which forms another phosphoester bond with an amino alcohol

A

Glycerophospholipids

41
Q

contains sphingosine instead of glycerol.

contains a fatty acid, phosphate, and an amino alcohol.

A

Sphingomyelin

42
Q

Amino alcohols found in glycerophospholipids are?

A

choline, serine, and ethanolamine

ionized at pH 7.4

43
Q

two types of glycerophospholipids that are abundant in brain and nerve tissues. Also found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast.

A

Lecithin and cephalin

44
Q

contain both polar and nonpolar regions that allow them to interact with polar and nonpolar substances

have a polar head containing the ionized amino alcohol and phosphate portion, which is strongly attracted to water

have a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail portion soluble only in nonpolar substances such as lipids

A

Glycerophospholipids

45
Q

contain both polar and nonpolar regions that allow them to interact with polar and nonpolar substances

have a polar head containing the ionized amino alcohol and phosphate portion, which is strongly attracted to water

have a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail portion soluble only in nonpolar substances such as lipids

A

Glycerophospholipids

46
Q

sphingosine, a long-chain amino alcohol that replaces glycerol

an amide bond formed by the amine group on sphingosine to a fatty acid

a hydroxyl group that forms an ester bond with phosphate, which forms another phosphoester bond to choline or ethanolamine.

A

Sphingomyelin

47
Q

Sphingomylelins are abundant in what?

A

the white matter of myelin sheath

48
Q

steroid nucleus consists of

A

three cyclohexane rings and one cylopentane ring, fused together.

rings designated as A, B, C, and D.

numbered carbon atoms beginning in ring A.

two methyl groups at positions 18 and 19.

49
Q

has a hydroxyl group (— OH) on carbon 3

has a double bond between carbons 5 and 6

has methyl groups on carbons 10 and 13.
has an alkyl chain at carbon 17

A

Cholesterol

50
Q

have polar and nonpolar regions that act like soaps to make fat soluble in water.

help in absorption of cholesterol.

A

Bile salts

51
Q

Lipids are nonpolar and are made more soluble by combining them with glycerophospholipids and proteins to form water-soluble complexes called

A

lipoproteins

52
Q

surround nonpolar lipids with polar lipids and protein for transport to cells.

are soluble in water because the surface consists of polar lipids

A

Lipoproteins

53
Q

chemical messengers that serve as a communication system for the body

produced from cholesterol

sex hormones

adrenal corticosteroids

A

Steroid hormones

54
Q

Steroids, which have a completely different structure, do not contain fatty acids and cannot be ___. They are characterized by the steroid nucleus of four fused carbon rings.

A

hydrolyzed

55
Q

require a significant amount of energy and high temperatures to separate and melt.

A

saturated fatty acids

56
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block production of ____, decreasing pain and inflammation.

NSAIDs include?

A

prostaglandins

naproxen (Aleve and Naprosyn), ketoprofen (Actron), and nabumetone (Relafen).

57
Q

A ___ is an ester of a long chain fatty acid and a long chain alcohol, each containing from 14 to 30 carbon atoms

A

wax

58
Q

Vegetable oils have ___ melting points because they have a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids than do animal fats

A

low

59
Q

The products of ester hydrolysis are glycerol and three fatty acids from?

A

triacylgyerol hydrolysis

60
Q

Phospholipids are a family of lipids similar in structure to triacylglycerols; they include

A

glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin

61
Q

amino alcohol, phosphoric acid, glycerol, and two fatty acids comprise a typical?

A

The components of a typical glycerophospholipid

62
Q

In a ____, a polar “head” contains the ionized amino alcohol and phosphate, while the hydrocarbon chains of two fatty acids make up the nonpolar “tails.”

A

glycerophospholipid

63
Q

are produced by the adrenal glands located on the top of each kidney.

include aldosterone, which regulates electrolytes and water balance by the kidneys.

include cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver

A

steroid hormones (adrenal corticosteroids)

Biochem B3 (5 decks)

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