Chp 14 Proactive Planning Flashcards
START
Part of strategic planning includes _________, which is a comprehensive review of assets that could be damaged, stolen, or lost and countermeasures to prevent major occurrences ( Curtis and McBride, 2005 ).
risk management
In private business, assets include p____, e______, p______, I______, and r_______.
include people, equipment, property, information, and reputation.
__________ can include a backup plan, removing the threat or obtaining insurance if such an event were to occur.
Countermeasures
The most active litigated areas are i_________, u_______, a_________, h_________, and c________.
internal employment practices, use of force, arrest situations, high- speed pursuits, and civil rights violations.
__________ occurs when a person commits a crime in conjunction with his or her official duties.
Criminal liability
A civil action, or _____, is a wrong committed against another party. In these actions the offended party wishes to obtain damages or prevent further occurrences.
tort
Most tort actions are based on _________.
state law
The three major areas in torts, or civil wrongs, are i_______, n__________, and s____________.
The three major areas in torts, or civil wrongs, are intentional conduct, negligence, and strict liability conduct.
In an intentional action, it was the person’s conscious choice to commit an act, such as assault, defamation, false arrest, and malicious prosecution. In a case involving negligence, the officer or organization is alleged to have failed to perform an act or to exercise the care that a responsible or prudent person would exercise; In strict liability cases, the person is held to a tort proceeding regardless of _________; liability is imposed because the action occurred.
intent or negligence
The term __________ is often discussed in civil actions. This occurs when the employer is also held responsible when the employee was acting as an agent of the organization.
vicarious liability
According to Robert J. Meadows ( 1999 : 156), in his review of legal issues and police, the top eight litigation issues, based on a survey of police chiefs of 20 cities with over 100,000 in population, are as follows:
- U______
- A_______
- A_______
- E_______
- H________
- D_________
- R________
- J________
- Use of force
- Auto pursuit
- Arrest/ search
- Employee drug test
- Hiring and promotion
- Discrimination based on race, sex, or age
- Record keeping and privacy
- Jail management
Up to this point, we have been examining planning as a long- range endeavor. Of the types discussed, _______ comes closest to short- range planning in that immediate needs in the fiscal year are normally analyzed in terms of function and performance.
fiscal planning
For long- range planning to work, s______ and even o_______ need to be created to carry out the plan. Long- range plans also need f________that can be used to modify the plan as it is operationally carried out.
specific objectives
orders
feedback- evaluation systems
__________ plans control the day-to- day activity of the police organization in a uniform manner. Specific procedures have to be created to carry out police duties in a predictable manner so that there can be accountability and consistency.
Operational
The ________. A major example of an operational plan, although many police chief executives do not recognize it as such
duty manual
The duty manual is supplemented by both ________and ________. If these two supplementary procedures are in place, they may become part of the duty manual.
temporary operating procedures ( TOPs) and SOPs
Patrol planning. Another major example of an operational plan and one that dominates a department is a ___________.
patrol allocation plan
PATROL STAFFING MODEL There are a number of patrol planning models that are used in the United States. One developed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police involves measuring calls for service to determine the number of patrol posts and staff needed to fill these posts.
- The total calls for service for each tour of duty are obtained for one year ( 12 months).
- The 12- month total is multiplied by the ________.
- The hours per year in calls for service are multiplied by ______ (“ buffer” factor)
- The total hours are divided by 2,920 ( 8 hours × 365 = 2,920). The quotient equals the minimum number of patrol posts needed for the particular tour of duty.
average time required to complete a call for service.
3
In general, shifts during the evening to early morning hours generate the most calls because of the general rise of crime activity, heavy traffic, and human events. A “call for service” can range from an actual crime to a request to check on the welfare. Calls for service can be self- initiated. Thus it is important to have data generated by the _________, which can track calls for every shift throughout the year.
communications unit
Determining Staffing:
The figure of ______ is the number of hours a typical officer is away from duty each year.
1,416
This is subtracted from 2,920 hours to produce an hours- available figure of 1,504. An assignment/ availability factor is obtained by dividing the hours- available figure of 1,504 hours into 2,920 hours, which creates a factor of 1.94, the number of personnel needed to fill each post.
the actual level of staffing is going to be based on a number of factors; the most important being
budget
There were a number of studies critical of response time in the 1970s ( Bercal, 1970 ; Reiss, 1971 ; Meyer, 1976 ; Maxfield, 1979 ). Less than ____ percent of service calls are related to criminal matters, and emergency calls account for less than___percent of all service calls. Even in relation to crime, normally too much time elapses from the time the crime is committed and to when the police are called.
20%
15%
Cohen and McEwen ( 1984 : 4) report that “ research [ Farmer, 1981 ; Spelman and Brown, 1981 ] showed that police response time had no effect on the chances of on- scene arrest in ___ to ___ percent of serious crime cases.”
70-85%
Are citizens dissatisfied with slower response time? The answer is that citizens are dissatisfied only if _______
they expect rapid response time. However, “ if callers were told to expect a delay, their satisfaction did not significantly decrease if response time was slower” ( Cohen and McEwen, 1984 : 4).
All agencies need to use a _______ dispatching system.
priority classification
The __________ plans serve as control mechanisms for management by providing guide-lines for employees, both civilian and uniformed. __________plans give supervisors a means of evaluating personnel in relation to specific duties that are clearly defined and in writing.
Operational plans
Operational plans
________ plans are made for specific events and occurrences but are not part of the daily duties of police department personnel. This type of planning demands some specific detail in terms of procedures, but because of changing conditions in the field, it often demands more _______ than do other types of planning.
Contingency
flexibility
There are two major types of contingency plans:
- ________, formulated based on what is expected to take place.
- ________, come and go, and no one can predict when they will strike.
- Tactical plans. These are plans for major events, such as crowd control at athletic events and VIP escorts.
- Emergency plans. These are plans for general situations with the specifics to be inserted when the emergency occurs. When done in conjunction with other agencies, this type of planning is often termed planning for emergency mobilization .
_________are the response by local, state, and federal authorities to natural disasters, riots, civilian disorders, terrorism, and large events that disrupt the normal flow of commerce and life in a community or region.
Emergency mobilizations
To develop a reasonable plan for emergency and crisis management, departments, in concert with other agencies, should focus on overall planning efforts to four specific crisis or emergency levels:
- ___________. An emergency situation is localized to one person or a small group of people.
- ___________. An emergency affects a community and involves disruption of services caused by fire, large crowds, criminal event, or weather.
- Crisis intervention. An emergency situation is localized to one person or a small group of people.
- Community emergency. An emergency affects a community and involves disruption of services caused by fire, large crowds, criminal event, or weather.
To develop a reasonable plan for emergency and crisis management, departments, in concert with other agencies, should focus on overall planning efforts to four specific crisis or emergency levels:
- _________. An emergency is larger in scope and caused by human or environ-mental factors.
- __________. An emergency affects a state or an entire region, such as storms, nuclear accidents, and civil disturbances.
- Regional emergency. An emergency is larger in scope and caused by human or environ-mental factors.
- Major emergency. An emergency affects a state or an entire region, such as storms, nuclear accidents, and civil disturbances.
A planning model developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA) calls for the following planning strategy for dealing with these emergencies:
Step 1: E__________
Step 2: A___________
Step 3: D___________
Step 4: I___________
Step 1: Establish a Planning Team
Step 2: Analyze Capabilities and Hazards
Step 3: Develop the Plan
Step 4: Implement the Plan