Chp 14 - Love and Hate Flashcards
Ethological and Evolutionary Perspective on Love and Hate (4)
1) Intra-species Aggression
- Competition for same resources
- Sexual jealousy, same-sex rivals
2) Dominance Hierarchy
- aggression when changes to hierarchy
- decreases aggression
- set access to resources
Most violent crime, including lethal violence, is in the context of competition for material goods, status, or related to “face” or sexual jealousy (Daly & Wilson)
Overall access to resources, average wealth, median income are poor predictors
3) Wealth Disparity
- Ratio of highest income to lowest income
- Correlation of income inequality & murder r= +.845 (huge correlation)
Wealth disparity/ inequality: correlation to: (3)
- Rate of imprisonment
- Social problems
- Homicide rate
Some have easier access to resources
The Brain and Aggressive Behaviour (3)
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Septum: Rage
Prefrontal cortex (The Brain and Aggressive Behaviour) (5)
- inhibitory control over behaviour
- ↓ activity ↑ impulsive aggression
- Most sensitive to alcohol (prefrontal and cerebellum)
- not fully mature until early 20s
Compare inmates with violent vs. Non-violent crimes
- Non-violent: had more activity in both lateral and medial prefrontal cortex
Amygdala (The Brain and Aggressive Behaviour) past case
Violet behaviours
Charles Whitman 1996
- Murdered his wife, mother (knife)
- Shot 14. Wound 31 from an observation deck, uni of texas
In diary wrote about headaches
- Had a tumour that was exerting pressure on amygdala
- Correlational data
- Dysfunctional amygdala: May send dangerous signals despite none
Family Influences: Parenting Style (4)
Authoritative Parents
Authoritarian Parents
Rejecting/Neglectful Parents
Permissive
Authoritative Parents (3)
- Clear, enforced rules
- Caring, supportive, high expectations
= high self-esteem, high achievement
Authoritarian Parents (4)
- Strict discipline
- Cold, unresponsive
= Low self-esteem, poor performance, low self-control - Lead to more impulsivity
Rejecting/Neglectful Parents (3)
- No discipline, no guidance
- Cold, unresponsive
= Low achievement, withdrawal, poor social relationships, aggression, risky behaviour
Permissive (3)
- No guidance, discipline
- Warm, caring
= immature, self-centred, impulsive
Humanistic View on negative emotions (2)
Negative emotions stem from lack of positive regard, especially during childhood
Incongruence
- The match between our ideal self vs. Real self
- If match, can accept ourselves
- In turn accept others
Prejudice (3)
Negative attitudes
- Towards others because of their membership in a group, out-group
- Based on inaccurate, or fictitious information
- Like all long-held attitudes, resistant to change
Incomplete or fictitious information
Resistant to change
Origins of Prejudice (4)
Social Learning
- Conditioning, observational learning
- e.g. growing up in families with certain prejudice, modelled
Social Comparison, Social Categorization
- We divide the world into us and them (Social identity)
- In group/ out group
- Tendency to see own group as superior (ego-protection)
Social Cognition
- From the way we think about others, beliefs about specific social groups
Realistic Conflict Theory
- Direct inter-group competition or conflict
Prejudice: UCLA study
UCLA study:
- Quick flash of dots, guess how many
- Over-estimators vs. Under
- Asked about the characteristics of the other group
- Think own group is friendlier, and smarter, don’t want to socialize with the other group
Prejudice: Ms. Elliott and Her 3rd Grade Class
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr
Community predominantly white
Therefore try grade 3 class
- Told them student with blue eyes were better, more privileged
The next day reverse the conditions
- Blue eyed students performed better on the day they were smarter,
- Academic performance swapped vice versa
Work together to complete a task: rely on each other:
Helps remove prejudice
Attachment: infant and caregiver(s) (3)
The strong, enduring affectional tie between
infant and caregiver(s).
Indiscriminant
Discriminant
Specific
Indiscriminant Attachment
- Newborn
- Positive emotional display not directed at anyone
Discriminant Attachment
- Familiar, 3 months
- Respond/prefer to familiar faces
- All members to the family
Specific Attachment
Begins 7-8 months
Formed 12 months
Types of Attachment (4)
Secure Attachment
Anxious-Resistant
Anxious-Avoidant
Anxious-Disorganized
Secure Attachment (4)
- Explore with parent as a base (make sure parent is there)
- May or may not cry on separation
- Reunion: easily comforted
- About 66% show such attachment
Secure Attachment: Future behaviour in relationships (2)
- Fewer behavioural problems, better social relationships
- Can form emotional relationships with others
Anxious-Resistant (4)
- Fearful even with parent present
- Very distressed when parent is absent
- Reunion: rejection, anger, but also desire to be close
- 10 – 15%
Anxious-Resistant Attachment: Future behaviour in relationships (4)
- Suspicious, excessive worry about partners
- Expect partner will leave at some point
- Ambivalent lovers – want to get close but insecure about relationships
- Can be easily frustrated or angered
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment (4)
- Few signs of attachment
- Little reaction to separation or reunion
- Do not seek contact but do not resist
- 20%
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment: Future behaviour in relationships (4)
- May appear not to care about relationships
- Resist being dependent on others
- May feel uncomfortable with closeness
- Trouble trusting
Anxious-Disorganized (3)
- Disorganised, Contradictory responses
- May appear disoriented
- 5%, esp victims of maltreatment, abuse
Attraction (3)
Proximity and exposure
Similarity
Physical attractiveness
- Matching effect
Proximity and exposure (2)
- Proximity (nearness) best predictor of who will develop emotional relationships
- People attracted to those who are familiar, who they frequently see
Liking: Similarity (2)
- People most often are attracted to others who are similar to themselves
- Similarity of attributes, beliefs, and values most important
Physical Attractiveness (2)
Both men and women rate attractiveness most important for the desirability of short-term dating partners
Matching effect (for long term)
- Most likely to have partner whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to one’s own
Erich Fromm Views (2)
- To alleviate loneliness, we seek contact with others
- Neo-analytic and Existential
Types of Love (Erich Fromm)
Motherly love
Brotherly love
Erotic love
Immature love
Mature love
Motherly love
One-sided and unequal, mother gives love unconditionally
Child learns stability and security
Brotherly Love
Loving all others, unites the isolated individual with others
(basically love and each for others, not restricted to fam)
Erotic Love
Temporary intimacy with an other
(argues that it is stage of dev of true love)
Immature Love (2)
Taking love dominates over giving love;
Partners expected to surrender aspects of self to form a single entity, a shared personality
Mature Love
Mutual care and support, acceptance, commitment, respect, kindness, friendship, devotion
Requires self-love
Partner Selection: Evolutionary Analysis (3)
Women Prefer:
- Older (3 ½ years older)
- Symmetrical face (a sign of healthy and history of good health)
- Evidence of high parental investments
Men Prefer:
- Youth and health
- Symmetrical face
Averaged over all cultures studied:
*Female preference: mate 3½ years older.
*Real age difference: grooms 3 years older.
Evidence of parental investment by males increases attractiveness
In picture: show interest of caring for children
Evidence of parental investment, more attractive
