chp 14 Flashcards
What is the difference between motor learning and motor performance
motor learning- is the internal process associated with practice or experiences that results in the ability to perform a motor skill. However, motor learning is in measurable and must be indirectly observed through observation of motor behavior.
Motor performance- may be influenced by a number of variables including motivation, and use of pharmacological agents,. Maturation and practice are factors that may influence both motor performance and motor learning. A common method of separating the permanent effects of maturation and practice is to measure changes across days or weeks instead of years. and motivation fatigue, stress, and boredom during long therapy sessions may also influence motor performance.
summary or processes of motor learning
BOX 14-1
learners remember processes not specifc motor events
Realtive to guidance, problem sloving enhances learning
3 stages of learning
Chunking- being able to memoriz chunks into units usally in the automatic stage
The capability to detect and correct errors enhances learning. error detection occurs during slow movements and occur after the movement in fast, timing tasks
Sensory and motor memories are stored in memory lol wow
retrieval practice works more effectively than repetitive drills
instead of focusing on relevant elements of a task performers should focus on the goal of a task
with practice, actions become more efficient when performers learn to exploit the bio mechanics of a task
Categorizing tasks based on task goals and environmental tasks
3 therores of motor learning
Adams closed loop theory- sensory feedback is needed for movement, sensory and motor memories are stored each time an action is Enhancing sensory feedback will enhance learning. errors will always interfere with learning, emphasize practicing task to be performed at a later time.
Schmidts shema theory - Defines a class having identical retaliative timing and amplitude, generalized sensory and motor are stored for a class of tasks. novice actions should be performed in the same class of tasks, errors can enhance learning, emphasize benefits of practicing several variations of a task.
Newells Ecological Theory- Emphasizes performer performer, task, and environment, Emphasizes the relationship between motor action strategies and sensory perceptual cues. emphasizes the importance of variable practice related to tasks and demmands and enviromental conditons. Like walking on the street versus walking in a closed in hallway in a hospital better to vary the terrain and practice skills involved in each for better overall learning and as long as the learner task and enviroment all fit one another learning will be at its prime.
Error detection fast-timing and slow-positioning
Slow positioning- sensory feedback learners move until feedback is used to guide the action until the end. Fast-timing- tasks learners are unable to use sensory feedback to alter an action online or during the movement - errors are used to correct feedback after the action has occured
Short term sensory storage, short term memory and long term memory explain each one
Short term sensory storage is from visual, auditory,smell or whatever sense is only stored for like a few milliseconds believed to influence the STM
STM - is believed to be a temporraty work plae before it becomes Long term.
LTM- is a place or network in the brain that stores information over a lifetime
Whats non-associative learning, associative learning, procedural learning and what type of learning do all 3 of theses types of learning fall under?
Non-associative learning- Is when an individual learns something through repeated stimuli. Learning usally occurs from habitation, and senstization, People with vestibular disorders usally use this type of learning to encourage them to take action into risk taking behaviors to help them modify there balance faster such as balancing on an airex
Associative - persons learns to predict a realtionship between two things aka (classical condtioning) or realtionship of a behavior to a consequence (operant condtionting) - like if I steal something cops will follow me and get arrested to much GTA 5
Procedural learnging- Practice a skill over and over until it becomes automatic
all these skills fall under Implicit Learning
Books says to focus on the goal or action move than individual movement pieces of a task true or false
TRUE
What do you need to think about when you considering the task, environment, and learner
Task- discrete vs. continous gentiles taxonomy. degree of task difficulty, bio mechanical considerations,
Environment- open . variable. moving objects. moving people, closed controlled environment
Learner- skill level, stage of learning, motivation, fatigue, attention, experience and knowledge of results,
Table 14-2 Gentiles Taxonomy
pg. 236 has to do with if the body stability vs body transport and then is the condition stationary or motion is there inter trial variability or manipulation or no manipulation
Massed vs. Distributed practice advantages and disadvantages
Massed practice- is where more practice time and less breaks and this is better for patients who have a great deal of attention and concentration abilities and stamina. Fatigue is also an issue to consider when performing massed practice
Distributed practice- is having less practice time and more rest time this is good for a patient with poor concentration. However, sometimes we only have so much time with a patient especially in a clinical setting nowadays.
Constant vs. Variable practice
Variable practice- is practicing conditions in a wide arrange of environments and different conditions and allows the performer to practice and translate skills to real life situations
Constant practice- is one version of a single task over and over again in the same environment. This would be good for high divers who would practice the same move over and over again within the same context.
Contextual interference and blocked vs. random practice
Contextual interference- is the inter trial inconsistency that is generated by the practice order
Blocked practice has low contextual interference and might be good for learning a skill for only a short term.
Random practice- has high contextual interference and is better for long term memory and recall of a task at a later date.
Part vs. Whole practice which is better
Part is better when the task involves lots of independent components such as transferring from a wheelchair and there are several discrete tasks.
Whole practice- is better when learning needs to be timed. For example like driving a car.
Should use of guidance techniques aka the therapist input always be used?
No only in the early stages when needed you don’t want the patient to become dependent on the PT
What stage is videotaping good in?
The later stages because the patient won’t be able to learn the task in earlier stages due to the distraction of the camera.
