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Bio Exam 4 > Chp 13.4-13.7 Pons, Medulla, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Midbrain > Flashcards

Chp 13.4-13.7 Pons, Medulla, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Midbrain Flashcards

1
Q

2 major features of medulla oblongata

A

olive and pyramids

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2
Q

Pyramids

A

contain tracts of motor fibers that originate in cerebral cortex

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3
Q

3 components of medulla oblongata

A

autonomic centers, relay stations, nuclei associated with five cranial nerves

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4
Q

olive

A

prominent olive-shaped bulge that follows the contours of the olivary nucleus

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5
Q

medulla oblongata

A 
all communication passes through here,
contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
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6
Q

ascending tracts

A

sensory

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7
Q

descending tracts

A

motor

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8
Q

autonomic centers

A

control vital functions

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9
Q

relay stations

A

located along sensory and motor pathways

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10
Q

pons

A

links the cerebellum with midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, medulla oblongata, spinal cord

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11
Q

3 parts of pons

A

ascending and descending tracts, respiratory centers, reticular formation

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12
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely organized mass of gray matter, contains nuclei that regulate autonomic functions, extends from the medulla to midbrain

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13
Q

two primary functions of cerebellum

A

adjusting the postural muscles of the body

programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels

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14
Q

ataxia

A

result from trauma or stroke or drugs or alcohol
damage to cerebellum
affects muscle coordination

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15
Q

cerebellum

A

automatic processing center

monitors proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance, auditory sensations

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16
Q

cerebellum anatomy

A

large anterior and posterior lobes
two hemispheres
covered by cerebellar cortex

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17
Q

primary fissure

A

separates anterior and posterior lobes

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18
Q

vermis

A

separates two hemipsheres

it is a narrow band of cortex

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19
Q

cerebellar cortex

A 
thin layer of gray matter
folia
less prominent than cerebral folds
inner granular layer
outer molecular layer
arbor vitae
cerebellar penduncles
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20
Q

folia (leaves)

A

folds of the surface of cerebeller cortex

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21
Q

outer molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cells
receive input from 200,00 synapses (more than any other type of cell in brain)
relay motor commands
only axons leave the cortex are purkinje cells

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22
Q

arbor vitae

A

“tree of life”

branching array of white matter of the cerebellum

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23
Q

cerebellar penduncles

A

collections of tracts
links the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord
three on each side (superior, middle, inferior)

24
Q

superior peduncles

A

carries most of cerebellar output

25
Q

middle peduncles

A

carries most cerebellar input

26
Q

midbrain

A

most complex and integrative portion of the brainstem
can direct complex motor patterns at the subconscious level
influences level of activity in entire nervous system.

27
Q

7 components of the midbrain

A

corpora quadrigemina, reticular activating system (RAS), red nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebral penduncles, tectum, tegmentum

28
Q

2 parts of corpora quadrigemina

A

superior colliculus, inferior colliculus

29
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

two pairs of sensory nuclei located in the roof of the midbrain

30
Q

superior colliculus

A

receives visual inputs from thalamus

controls reflex movements of eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli

31
Q

inferior colliculus

A

receives auditory data from nuclei in medulla and pons

controls reflex movements of head, neck and truck in response to auditory inputs

32
Q

substantia nigra

A

contains dark pigemented cells,
adjust activity in the basal nuclei of the cerebrum
damaged in a patient with Parkinson’s Disease

33
Q

cerebral penduncles

A

nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces of midbrain
contain descending fibers that:
reach the cerebellum using pons
carry voluntary motor commands from cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

specialized part of the reticular formation
stimulation of the RAS increases alertness.
damage to the RAS produces unconsciousness

35
Q

red nucleus

A

receives information from cerebrum and cerebellum

issues subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and muscle tone.

36
Q

tectum

A

roof of the midbrain, region posterior to the cerebral aqueduct

37
Q

tegmentum

A

region anterior to the cerebral aqueduct

38
Q

3 regions of diencephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

39
Q

diencephalon

A

anterior limit marked by the anterior commissure

40
Q

anterior commissure

A

tract that interconnects cerebral hemispheres and location of the optic chiasm

41
Q

optic chiasm

A

where optic nerves connect to the brain

42
Q

epithalamus

A

contains pineal gland
roof of the diencephalon
superior to the third ventricle
anterior portion contains area of choroid plexus

43
Q

pineal gland

A

endocrine structure that secretes melatonin (day-night cycle)

44
Q

thalamus

A

final relay point for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the cerebral cortex
acts as a filter
each region contains nuclei that connect to specific regions of cerebral cortex

45
Q

3 parts of thalamus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, interthalamic adhesion

46
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

receives visual information over the optic tract

sends signals to midbrain and occipital lobe

47
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

relays auditory information from specialized receptors of the inner ear to auditory area in cerebral cortex

48
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

protection of gray matter extending into the third ventricle from the thalamus on either side
no fibers cross midline
absent in about 20% of brains

49
Q

hypothalamus may be stimulated by

A
  1. sensory information from the cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord
  2. changes in the composition of the CSF and interstitial fluid
  3. chemicals in the circulated blood
    (blood rapidly enters the hypothalamus, since there is no blood brain barrier)
50
Q

4 hypothalamic nuclei

A

autonomic centers, preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, hormonal centers

51
Q

automatic centers of hypothalamus

A

control cardiovascular and vasomotor centers of the medulla

52
Q

preoptic area

A

regulates body temp by coordinating adjustments in blood flow and sweat gland activity

53
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

coordinates day-night

54
Q

hormonal centers

A

secreate chemical messengers to the anterior pituitary and produce two hormones released at the posterior pituitary

55
Q

2 hypothalamus structures

A

infundibulum and mamillary bodies

56
Q

infundibulum

A

narrow stalk extending inferiorly from the hypothalamus

connects the floor of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

57
Q

mammilary bodies

A

control feeding reflexes

Bio Exam 4 (7 decks)

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