Chp 13.1-13.3 Flashcards
primary brain vesicles
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
prosencephalon
“forebrain” anterior tip of neural tube
divides into diencephalon and telencephalon
mesencephalon
“midbrain” expansion caudal
rhombencephalon
“hindbrain” most caudal of the primary vesicles, continuous with spinal cord.
divides into metencephalon and myelencephalon
secondary brain vesicles
diencephalon, telencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
diencephalon
becomes major relay and processing center for information head to the cerebrum
telencephalon
expands rapidly
eventually, forms the cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
metencephalon
caudal to the midbrain
will form the cerebellum and pons
myelencephalon
will become the medulla oblongata
6 major brain regions
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
functions of cerebrum
conscious thought, memory storage and processing, sensory processing, regulating skeletal muscle contractions
surface features of cerebrum
fissures, gyri, sulci
fissures
deep groves that subdivide cerebral hemisphere
gyri
folds in cerebral hemisphere, increases surface area
sulci
shallow depressions in the cerebral hemisphere, separate adjacent gyri.
function of cerebellum
coordinating and modulating motor commands from the cerebral cortex
diencephalon
structural and functional link between cerebral hemispheres and the rest of CNS
divided into thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus
contains relay and processing centers for sensory information
hypothalamus
floor of the diencephalon
contains centers involved with emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
parts of brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
midbrain
contains centers that help maintain consciousness
contains nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by that simuli
pons
connects cerebellum to midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, medulla oblongata, spinal cord
contains tracts and relay centers
contains nuclei that function in somatic and visceral motor control
medulla oblongata
relays sensory information to other parts of the brain stem and to the thalamus
contains major centers that regulate autonomic functions like heart rate and blood pressure.
what is the central cavity of the neural tube called?
neurocoel
what does the CNS begin with?
neural tube
cerebral cortex
highly folded surfaces covered by thick superficial layer of gray matter.
ventricular system components
two lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle
interventricular foramen
allows communication from lateral ventricles to third ventricle
third ventricle
located in the diencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
slender canal within the midbrain
connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle
extends from the metencephalon to the medulla oblongata
narrows and becomes the central canal of spinal cord
corpus callosum
thick tract of white matter
interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres
septum pellucidum
thin partition, separates the two lateral ventricles
4 methods of protection of the brain
cranial bones, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier.
blood-brain barrier
biochemically isolates the neural tissue of the brain from general circulation
3 layers of cranial meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
2 layers of dura mater
outer (periosteal) layer and inner (meningeal layer)
fused to the periosteum of cranial bones
no epidural space
dura mater
layers are separated by a gap containing fluid and blood vessels (including dural sinuses).
3 parts of arachnoid mater
arachnoid membrane, arachoid trabeculae, subarachnoid space
arachnoid membrane
smooth covering; does not follow folds of the brain
arachnoid trabeculae
connect to the pia mater
subarachnoid space
between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater
pia mater
bound to the surface of the brain by astrocyte processes
extends into every fold
accompanies branches of cerebral blood vessels as they penetrate the surface of the brain to reach internal structures
dural folds
extensions of the inner layer of the dura mater into the cranial cavity (sheets dip inward then return)
stabilize and support the brain
3 large dural folds
falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli
dural sinuses
large collecting veins located within dural folds
superior sagittal sinus is the largest
falx cerebri
between the cerebral hemispheres
contains the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
falx cerebelli
separates the two cerebellar hemispheres along the midsagittal line
inferior to the tentorium cerebelli
