CHp. 12

Question 1

always contains carbon and hydrogen atoms.

may also contain other nonmetals such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or a halogen.

is often found in common products such as gasoline, medicines, shampoos, plastics, and perfumes.

Answer 1

organic

Question 2

have covalent bonds.

have low melting and boiling points.
are flammable and undergo combustion.

are not soluble in water

Answer 2

organic

It burns easily in air

Question 3

tetrahedral bond angle (or found single covalnet bonds)

Answer 3

109

Question 4

all bonds are single

Answer 4

saturated

Question 5

Alkane

Answer 5

Cn H2n+2

Question 6

Cycloalkane

Answer 6

Cn H2n

Question 7

have the same molecular formula with a different arrangements of atoms.
have the same number of atoms bonded in a different order

Answer 7

Structural isomers

Question 8

groups of carbon atoms attached to carbon chains

named in the IUPAC system with a yl ending

Answer 8

alkyl

Question 9

halogen atoms attached to the carbon chain.

named in the IUPAC system as fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo

Answer 9

halo substituents

Question 10

Alkanes with ___ carbons are gases at room temperature and are widely used as heating fuels.

Answer 10

one to four

Question 11

Alkanes with ____ carbons are highly volatile liquids at room temperature, which makes them useful as fuels

Answer 11

five to eight

Question 12

weak attractions between nonpolar molecules. Caused by temporary dipoles that develop when molecules bump into each other weak but make it possible for nonpolar molecules to form liquids/solids

Answer 12

Dispersion forces

(aka london forces, van der Waals forces)

Common with carbon chains. VERY shortlived/instantaneous

Explains a higher boiling with longer CH chains

Question 13

Lowest melting/boiling points of organic compounds

Answer 13

alkanes

Question 14

contain only nonpolar bonds of CC, CH

Answer 14

alkanes

Question 15

exhibit only weak dispersion forces in the solid and liquid states

Answer 15

alkanes

Question 16

____-chain alkanes have more dispersion forces.

Answer 16

Longer

Question 17

have lower boiling points than the straight-chain isomers.

Answer 17

Branched alkanes

Question 18

tend to be more compact, reducing the points of contact between the molecules.

Answer 18

Branched alkanes

Question 19

do not have linear shapes and cannot line up close to each other

Answer 19

Branched alkanes

Question 20

have higher boiling points than the straight-chain alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms.

have limited rotation of carbon bonds; they maintain their rigid structure and can be stacked closely together, which gives them many points of contact and attractions to each other

Answer 20

cycloalkanes

Question 21

nonpolar.

insoluble in water.

less dense than water.

flammable in air.

found in crude oil

Answer 21

alkanes

Question 22

called unsaturated hydrocarbons because they do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Answer 22

Alkenes and Alkynes

Question 23

react with hydrogen gas to increase the number of hydrogen atoms and become alkanes

Answer 23

Alkenes and Alkynes

Question 24

Each carbon atom in the double bond is attached to two hydrogen atoms and has a ___ arrangement with bond angles of 120

Answer 24

trigonal planar

Question 25

rigid and does not rotate

holds attached groups in fixed positions

makes cis–trans isomers (geometric isomers) possible when two different groups are attached to the carbon atoms on each side of the double bond

Answer 25

alkene

Question 26

undergo polymerization at high temperatures and pressure

easily broken, providing electrons to form new bonds

Answer 26

alkenes and alkynes, the double and triple bonds

Question 27

hydrogen atoms add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond.

a catalyst such as Pt, Ni, or Pd is used to speed up the reaction

Answer 27

Hydrogenation

Question 28

Vegetable oils are unsaturated fats composed of fatty acids that contain ___ bonds

Answer 28

double

Question 29

In hydration reactions, an alkene reacts with water, H—OH, to form an ____

Answer 29

alcohol

Question 30

A hydrogen atom (H—) from water forms a bond with the carbon atom in the double bond with ___ hydrogen atoms.

The—OH from water forms a bond with the second carbon atom in the double bond with ____ hydrogen atoms

(hydration rxn)

Answer 30

more

fewer

Question 31

an aromatic compound

a ring of six C atoms, each bonded to one H atom.

a flat ring structure drawn with three alternating double bonds.

represented by two structures, because the electrons are shared equally among all the C atoms.

represented by a line-angle structural formula using a circle in the center instead of the alternating double bonds

Answer 31

Benzene

Question 32

Benzene + methyl

Answer 32

toulene

Question 33

benzene + NH2

Answer 33

aniline

Question 34

benzene + OH

Answer 34

phenol

Question 35

two methyl groups + benzene

Answer 35

xylene