chp 1 Flashcards
What are the four main functions of skeleton
Shape and support
Movement
Protection
Blood production
Shape and support
Forms the frame which out muscles can attach and our organs can sit. Bones support the weight of the body above them.
Shape and support eg
The spine enable us to stand upright
Then backbone enables us to stay upright
Movement
Muscles are attached to the skeleton. Movement occurs when muscles contract and pull on bones making them move about a joint.
Movement eg
The biceps muscle connect the shoulder and elbow and helps with lifting.
Protection
Internal organs are soft, delicate and easily damaged. These vital organs are protected by the skeleton.
Protection eg
The ribs help protect the heart and lungs
The cranium protects the brain
Blood production
The centre of some large bones contains red bone marrow which creates red blood cells
Blood production eg
The pelvis and the femur are both important for blood production
The human skeleton is made up of
206 bones
Bone
A hard, whitish, living tissue that makes up the skeleton; bones are lightweight but strong and perform many functions
Name the bone on the head and the shoulders
1) cranium - head
2) clavicle - shoulders
3) scapula - near the ribs / shoulders
Upper arm bone and what protects the lungs and underneath the lungs
Humerus and the ribs
Vertebrae
The lower arm on the right and left
Right - ulna
Left - radius
Near the hips and legs
Pelvis - hips
Upper leg - femur
Knee and lower leg and near the leg (thin)
Knee - patella
Leg - tibia
Thin / fibula
Name the bones on the hand
Carpals near the wrist
Lower finger - Metacarpals
Finger tips - phalanges
Name the foot bones
Toes - phalanges
Lower toes - metatarsals
Near the toes tarsals
Then talus
Types of bones
Flat
Long
Irregular short
All the flat bones
Cranium
Scapula
Ribs
Pelvis
Long bones
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Irregular bones
Vertebrae
Short bones
Patella
Talus
Tarsals
Carpals
Long bones function
Act as a lever to produce a large range of movement
Short bones
Small bones that enable movement and provide support
Flat bones function
Provides protection for organs
Provides a large surface area for muscle and attachments
Irregular bones function
Provides protection and support
Their shapes suits their specific function
Joints
The point at which two or more bones meet, allowing movement
Fixed / immovable
Fibrous joints where no movement is possible
Between flat bones of the cranium
Slightly movable / cartilaginous
Provides a small range of movement
Joined by cartilage and ligaments
Between the vertebrae
Components of synovial joints
1) synovial membrane
2) synovial fluid
3) joint capsule
4) ligaments
5) cartilage
Synovial membrane
Lines inside of the joint capsule
Surrounds the joint capsule with synovial fluid
Freely movable / synovial
Provides a large range of movement
Ball and socket and hinge joints
Most joints are synovial
Knee, shoulder , hip , elbow and ankle
Synovial fluid
A lubricant that reduces friction
Allows for smoother movement
Reduces wear and tear
Joint capsule
Surrounds and protects the joint
Helps to hold the bones together
Made of fibrous membrane and a synovial membrane
Ligaments
Strong elastic fibers
Connect bones together and holds them together
Cartilage
A strong flexible material
Found at the ends of the bone
Cushions the bones
Tendons
Tough, fibrous, tissue
Connects muscle to bone
Helps the joint withstand tension
Ball and socket
Provides a large range of movement
Less stable and more prone to injury
Located at the hip and the shoulder
Movements possible = flexion, extension, abduction, addiction, rotation and circumduction
Eg if ball and socket
Provides a large range of movement for actions like serving in tennis
Hinge joints
Only allows the movement in one direction
Located at the elbow and the knee
More stable and less prone to injury
Movement possible - flexion and extension
more motion =
less stability = more wear and tear = more susceptibility to injury
What joints are involved when throwing a ball
The shoulder to lift he ball, the elbow to bend the arm and the fingers to let the ball go.
Less stable joints depend on
more on surrounding structures like muscles and ligaments to protect and stabilize them, and these joints are particularly susceptible to ligaments and muscle injuries
How does a sprain happen
This happens when one or more of the ligaments are stretched, twisted or torn
