Choli... something.... whatewah

Question 1

muscarine

Answer 1

• produces muscarinic actions

- antagonised by atropine

Question 2

atropine

Answer 2

• antagonizes muscarinic actions
• found in deadly nightshade berries
• used in an ophthalmological examination to paralyse lens and dilate the pupil, causing, however, blurring of vision for several days

Question 3

hexamethonium

Answer 3

• blocks nicotinic effect

Question 4

anticholinesterases

Answer 4

• inhibits cholinesterases

Question 5

pilocarpine

Answer 5

• tertiary amine
• partly ionised at physiological pH
• absorbed topically

Question 6

hyoscine/scopolamine

Answer 6

• plant product
• plant family also includes potatoes or tomatoes
• CNS depressant causing sleep and amnesia
• anti-emetic action used in anti-seasickness pills
• pre-anaesthetic medication inhibiting salivary and bronchial secretion causing drowsiness
• used in an ophthalmological examination to paralyse lens and dilate the pupil, causing, however, blurring of vision for several days

Question 7

homatropine

Answer 7

• a synthetic analogue of atropine with a briefer action

- used for ophthalmological examination as a shorter acting drug than atropine

Question 8

tropicamide

Answer 8

• shorter acting synthetic analogue than homatropine

- used for ophthalmological examination as it acts even shorter than homatropine

Question 9

ipratropium and tiotropium

Answer 9

• mist inhalers

- cause bronchodilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 10

trospium

Answer 10

• allevation of bladder overactivity

Question 11

hexamethonium

Answer 11

• no longer used for humans
• first effective antihypertensive when introduced in 1949
• it has too many side effects

Question 12

trimetaphan

Answer 12

• occasionally used to produce controlled hypotension during surgery

Question 13

botulinum toxin

Answer 13

• blocks the release of ACh at NMJ and ganglia
• long-lasting effect (weeks)
• prolonged relief of muscle spasm in dystonia in severe localised excessive sudoration

Question 14

hemocholinium

Answer 14

• inhibits ACh synthesis
• inhibits competitively the uptake of choline by cholinergic nerve terminals
• > terminals run short of choline -> ACh synthesis cannot keep up with release
• action is slow
• experimental tool

Question 15

Streptomycin + other aminoglycoside ATBs

Answer 15

• inhibits ACh release
• > blocking Ca entry
• can cause weakness as a side effect
• potentiate the action of neuromuscular blocking agents in anaesthesia

Question 16

acetylcholinesterase

Answer 16

• membrane-bound at cholinergic synapses

- found in red cells

Question 17

butyrylcholinesterase

Answer 17

• soluble enzyme
• sometimes membrane-bound
• found in plasma, liver and many other tissues

Question 18

suxamethonium

Answer 18

• clinically important in anaesthesia

- hydrolysed by BuChE

Question 19

dibucaine

Answer 19

• reduces sensitivity of BuChE to inhibition
• basis of a blood screening test, the dibucaine number test
• same as cinchocaine

Question 20

edrophonium

Answer 20

• short-acting cholinoesterase
• act competitively
• test for myasthemia gravis

Question 21

medium or long-acting reversible anticholinesterases

Answer 21

• neostigmine
• eserine = physostigmine
• the most important type clinically

Question 22

long-acting (irreversible) anticholinesterases

Answer 22

• dyflos (DFP)
• parathion
• ecothiopate
• are organophosphate compounds
• > OC have no quarternary group and inhibit many serine enzymes besides ChE

Question 23

pralidoxime

Answer 23

• oxime compound
• can reactivate ChE
• treatment of organophosphate poisoning