Cholangitis Flashcards
acute obstructive cholangitis
biliary obstruction causing: lethargy or mental confusion shock fever jaundice abdo pain
5 Sx are known as Reynold’s pentad
cholangitis
infection of the bile duct
usually by bacteria ascending its junction with the duodenum or biliary stasis
most common: klebsiella, E. coli, enterobacter
charcot’s triad
fever intermittent, accompanied by chills)
RUQ pain
jaundice
infection of CBD
bile normally sterile
if CBD is obstructed, biliary stasis and infection can occur
infection can flow in a retrograde direction up the CBD as a result of acute cholecystitis or instrumentation (eg ERCP)
epidemiology
9% admitted with gallstone disease have acute cholangitis
1% develop after ERCP
median age 50-60yo
male=female
malignant disease (bile duct, gallbladder, ampullary, pancreatic and duodenal tumours) accounts for 10-30% of cases with acute cholangitis
aetiology
obstruction of gallbladder or bile duct due to stones
ERCP
local tumours
bile duct stricture/stenosis
choledochocele (cyst or diverticulum of CBD)
AIDS cholangiopathy
parasitic infection - roundworm, liver fluke
presentation
50-70% present with charcot’s triad - fever, RUQ pain, jaundice
poorly localised abdo pain in the elderly
mild, moderate or severe
severe = acute cholangitis ass. w/ one of: CV, neuro, resp, renal, hepatic and/or haematological dysfunction
10-20% also present with hypotension (due to septic shock) and mental confusion - the Reynold’s pentad
acholic (putty coloured) stools
pruritus
Hx of gallstones, CBD stones, recent cholecystectomy, ERCP, HIV or AIDS
peritonism is an unusual sign, and should stimulate the search for an alternative diagnosis
diagnostic criteria for acute cholangitis
A. systemic inflammation
A-1. fever and/or chills
A-2. lab results showing inflammation
B. cholestasis
B-1. jaundice
B-2. abnormal LFTs
C. imaging
C-1. biliary distension
C-2. evidence of aetiology on imaging (stricture, stone, stent etc.)
suspected = one item in A + one from B or C definite = one item from A, B and C
DDx
gallstones and cholecystitis diverticular disease hepatitis mesenteric ischaemia pancreatitis other causes of septic shock cirrhosis liver failure liver abscess acute appendicitis perforated peptic ulcer pyelonephritis
LFTs
AST/ALT = liver
alk phos = biliary