Choice Unit B Test Specific

Question 1

(a) State the quiet eye period for participants who hit the archery target during the pressure trial. State appropriate units for your answer.
(b) Discuss how the quiet eye period is affected by state anxiety during archery performance
(c) Define the term anxiety.
(d) Distinguish between trait and state anxiety.

Answer 1

Question 2

Explain Atkinson’s model of Achievement Motivation

Answer 2

*Motivation is a balance between the motive to achieve success and the motive to avoid failure.

It sees achievement motivation as a personality trait ⇒ Those whose desire to succeed outweighs the fear of failure are said to be high in achievement motivation. Those whose fear of failure outweighs the desire to succeed are said to be low on achievement motivation

Achievement Motivation = The Desire to Succeed – The Fear of Failure

Question 3

Differentiate between high and low achievers in Atkinson’s model of Achievement Motivation

Answer 3

High:
- Select challenging tasks
- Display a high level of effort
- Continue to try hard in difficult situations
- Focus on the pride of success

Low:
- Avoid challenging activities
- Exert less effort when they take part
- Exert less persistence when they take part
- Focus on the shame of failure

Question 4

What are the Components of Atkinson’s model?

Answer 4

Personality factors: motive to achieve success, motive to avoid failure
Situational factors: probability of success, incentive value of success
Resultant tendencies: considering and individual’s achievement motive levels in relation to situational factors

Question 5

Describe the Inverted U hypothesis

Answer 5

Implications ⇒ As arousal increases, so too does performance, up to an optimal point. Further increases in arousal cause performance to decline.

Limitations ⇒
- People have different levels of arousal to different stimuli
- Some performers don’t slowly

Question 6

Describe the drive reduction theory

Answer 6

Implications ⇒ As arousal increases, so too does performance

Explanation ⇒ Humans are motivated to reduce the state of tension caused when certain biological needs are not satisfied. This theory explains behaviours that have a strong biological Component. Example: you might be driven to drink a glass of water to reduce your sensationof thirst.

Limitations: little research to support this, athletes can perform poorly if overly aroused, people are not always motivated by internal needs.

Question 7

Describe the catastrophy theory

Answer 7

Implications ⇒ As arousal increases, so too does performance, up to an optimal point. Afterward, a rapid decline in performance - the catastrophe - occurs

Limitations: Difficult to study scientifically (graph
not modelled using data). This may not apply to everyone

General Note: There is an optimal level of CNS arousal for different types of tasks [easier tasks may require higher levels of arousal]

Question 8

What is Psychological Skills Training?

Answer 8

• Psychological Skills Training (PST) is an individually designed combination of methods selected to attain psychological skill needs.
• There is no single perfect PST package, each program must be individualized based on the psychological state of the individual and, the sport.

Question 9

Name the three phases of a PST program:

Answer 9

1) Educational Phase: This phase consists of the psychological skills being learned and practiced. It takes time to develop and refine these skills over time. It is used to clarify what psychological skills are, how they can be trained, what level of commitment is required, what improvements such training can bring.

2) Acquisition Phase: This phase is used to focus on strategies and techniques for learning the different psychological skills. This aspect of the training program needs to be tailored to meet the individuals needs.

3) Practice Phase: This phase consists of the transferring of psychological skill from practice and simulated situations to actual competitions. The focus should be on making the psychological skills automatic.

Question 10

Describe Self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 10

*Self-determination theory (SDT) describes how the level and the amount of energy that athletes devote to learning activities is a dynamic continuum characterized by a balance between:

Autonomy ⇒ Making one’s own decisions about what we do and being in control of ourselves and our behaviors (for example, training because you want to, not because someone says you should)

Competence ⇒ Feeling able to accomplish a task (for example, completing a cross country run without having to stop for a rest)

Relatedness ⇒ The feeling of a shared experience with others, of belonging
to and being accepted by a group (for example, being part of a basketball
team)

[Addresses extrinsic and intrinsic motivation]