Choice Unit B Flashcards

Question

Name the three phases of a PST program:

Answer 1

1) Educational Phase: This phase consists of the psychological skills being learned and practiced. It takes time to develop and refine these skills over time. It is used to clarify what psychological skills are, how they can be trained, what level of commitment is required, what improvements such training can bring. 2) Acquisition Phase: This phase is used to focus on strategies and techniques for learning the different psychological skills. This aspect of the training program needs to be tailored to meet the individuals needs. 3) Practice Phase: This phase consists of the transferring of psychological skill from practice and simulated situations to actual competitions. The focus should be on making the psychological skills automatic.

Answer 2

Process Goals: Deal with technique or strategy necessary to perform well. Individual has complete control. Performance goals: Specify a specific standard to be achieved. Focused on achievement independent of other competitors. Outcome goals: About winning or performing better than someone else. They refer to the desired end result. Focused on a competitive result. [SMARTER goals]

Answer 3

*Mental imagery involves the athlete imagining themselves in an environment performing a specific activity using all of their senses (sight, hear, feel and smell). The images should have the athlete performing successfully and feeling satisfied with their performance. Concepts: The idea is that the body cannot distinguish between something that is really happening, and something that they are visualizing. Associated with concentration enhancement, self-confidence, skill acquisition, emotional control, practice strategy and coping with pain and injury. Internal Imagery ⇒ Visualising yourself as the person actually going through the motions. Allows you to have a keen awareness of how it feels to do things the correct way. External imagery ⇒ (as if you are a spectator or watching a video of yourself) is good for error correction, this way you can see what it is you are actually doing wrong, as would your coach.

Answer 4

*The use of instruments to measure physiological systems (e.g., heart rate, muscle activation, brain waves, skin temperature) and feed that information back to the athlete. Ex. - Brain waves [EEG] - Breathing - Heart rate

Answer 5

*(Hardy, Jones and Gould, 1998). What is it? Encourages the use of positive self talk and limit the use of negative self talk. How is it done? Recognizing negative thoughts and using strategies to turn them into positive thoughts. Positive: - motivational: keep performers focused and confident - instructional: remind performer about technique Negative: - self critical - remembers past events - pessimistic - can induce self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 6

Talent identification (TI) ⇒ in sport refers to the process of recognizing current athletes with potential for attaining expert performance (Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, & Philippaerts, 2008; Williams, 2000). Talent development (TD) ⇒ on the other hand, concerns developing athletes into world-class performers through a series of intervention programs such as physical training. To pursuit excellence in sport, many sport organizations have either initiated and/or adopted TI/TD schemes (Abbott & Collins, 2004; Baker & Schorer, 2010).

Answer 7

Subjective assessments Objective assessments - physiological (such as aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, speed and strength) - anthropometric (such as height, weight, body composition) - performance-based (such as skill and agility)

Answer 8

*recognizes that talent also evolves as a result of an athlete actively interacting with the environment and having the resilience to cope with the challenges and setbacks they encounter. Facilitation - mental imagery - realistic goal setting - effective evaluation of performance/self-evaluation - Self-reinforcement - training to a high intensity (outside comfort zone) - handling failure - performance arousal and control.

Answer 9

*Bloom (1985) and Cote (1999) suggest that the four stages of development that an elite performer is likely to progress through are as follows; 1. Initiation stage: young athletes are introduced to organized sports and during which they are identified as talented athletes; lower amount of deliberate practice and higher amount of deliberate play. Practice is more coach or parent led. Involvement in several sports 2. Development stage: athletes become more dedicated to their sport and the amount of training and level of specialization are increased. 3. Mastery stage: which athletes reach their highest level of athletic proficiency. Practice is more athlete-led. 4. Maintenance (perfection) stage

Answer 10

Talent transfer: reduction or cessation of participation in one sport in order to pursue another sport that involves similar skills or physiological requirements - It may be prompted by injury, a plateau in performance, loss of motivation, or retirement - It may be initiated by the athlete or coordinated by a sporting organization - It commonly prolongs an athlete’s sporting career and can lead to greater success than that in the first sport Progress through the stages of development in the new sport is usually rapid because the athlete: * has the capacity to use psychological behaviours to respond to challenges * can exploit existing physiological traits and motor skills * has improved motivation.

Answer 11

*Self-determination theory (SDT) describes how the level and the amount of energy that athletes devote to learning activities is a dynamic continuum characterized by a balance between: Autonomy ⇒ Making one’s own decisions about what we do and being in control of ourselves and our behaviors (for example, training because you want to, not because someone says you should) Competence ⇒ Feeling able to accomplish a task (for example, completing a cross country run without having to stop for a rest) Relatedness ⇒ The feeling of a shared experience with others, of belonging to and being accepted by a group (for example, being part of a basketball team) [Addresses extrinsic and intrinsic motivation]

Answer 12

- Refers to the processes that assist learners in managing their own thoughts, behaviours and emotions in order to control their own learning experiences. - Encourages athletes to become more independent in their learning and so enhances learning outcomes. [Athletes exert this control by planning and regulating their own actions towards their learning goals.]

Answer 13

Four interdependent cyclical phases through which an athlete manages their progression: 1. Forethought phase (goal-setting and planning) 2. Monitoring phase (tracking progress and awareness of current performance in relation to goals) 3. Control phase (adapting learning strategies to better complete the task) 4. Reflection phase (evaluating performance with respect to goals and the effectiveness of the chosen strategy) [Self-reflections influence athletes’ future planning/goals, prompting the cycle to begin again] *Proposed by Pintrich 2000

Answer 14

Performance Phase: - Self control -> Self instruction, Imagery, Attention focusing, Task strategies - Self observation -> Self monitoring Self Reflection Phase: - Self Judgment -> Self-Evaluation, Casual Attribution - Self-Reaction -> Self-satisfaction/affect, Adaptive Interferences Forethought Phase: - Task Analysis -> Goal Setting, Strategic Planning - Motivational Beliefs -> Self-efficacy, Outcome Expectations, Intrinsic Interest, Goal Orientation