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CHINA > china 1953-1960 > Flashcards

china 1953-1960 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the 1st 5 year plan?

A

1953

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2
Q

What happened to industry under 1st 5 year plan?

A

Nationalised foreign owned businesses

Foreign trade kept at minimum

Took proportion of foods produced by peasants in gov’t procurement quotas & given at low prices to factory workers so urban pop fed & wages of werkers kept down

limited consumer goods so couldn’t invest in them & saved money to invest in industry. Patriotic saving campaigns, citizens exhorted to save money in state banks

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3
Q

When was 78% of CH coal mines in foreign hands?

A

1922

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4
Q

When were more purges?

A

1953

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5
Q

Who was Gao gang?

A

Central people’s gov’t council vice-chairman in Manchuria, close contact w/ military men in USSR

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6
Q

Who was Rao Shushi?

A

veteran organiser of New 4th army, lots of power in East China, held 3 key posts, first party secretary

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7
Q

What did Gao do at launching of 1st 5 year plan?

A

Took side of Mao & criticised Zhou & Liu for being too cautious

attempted to usurp the position of Zhou & Mao was alerted of this by Deng

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8
Q

When did Mao accuse Gao & Rao of attempting to build independent kingdoms?

A

Dec politburo meeting

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9
Q

Was 1st 5 year plan successful?

A

By 1957 industrial sectors exceeded their targets\

Coal aimed 113 achieved 130

Greater job security & stable incomes, better living standards

Many of new werkers were illiterate/not trained for industrial werk w/ espensive machines

Emphasis on quantity not quality

State planners often ignorant of state procedures → bureaucratic delays

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10
Q

When was All-China women’s Federation (ACWF) set up?

A

1949

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11
Q

What did ACWF achieve?

A

women’s literacy rates ↑

Increase in % of women in werkforce from 8 to 29% in 1966

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12
Q

When did they begin to produce contraceptives?

A

1954

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13
Q

What did Mao say about women?

A

Held up half the sky

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14
Q

When was New Marriage Law?

A

1950

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15
Q

What was outlawed in New Marriage Law?

A

Foot binding & concubines, dowries

CCP still set up brothels, had concs

Dowries & foot-binding re-emerged as peasants refused to adapt & men could overrule wife’s plea for marriage

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16
Q

When were women able to own/sell land?

A

1950

undermined by GLF/collectivisation

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17
Q

When was Birth control Bureau set up?

A

1963

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18
Q

How many women made up CCP?

A

13%

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19
Q

What was healthcare generally?

A

PREVENTATIVE NOT CURATIVE

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20
Q

How much of state investment did healthcare take in 1952?

A

1.3%

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21
Q

What campaign for healthcare was started

A

Patriotic Health campaign

reduced endemic diseases like cholera

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22
Q

What was provided in cities?

A

Vaccinations, death rates went down

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23
Q

What caused disease

A

Using human waste as fertiliser

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24
Q

What did campaigns to eradicate cats & dogs & pests (rats, mosquitos) as they were denounced as threats to health & as bourgeoisie lead to?

A

Black market of rat tails & breeding of rats to prove they’d killed 1 rat a week

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25
Q

Who had access to urban hospitals?

A

Workers employed in large industrial enterprises

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26
Q

Where were literacy rates in 1949?

A

20%

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27
Q

How many colleges/unis in 1949?

A

200

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28
Q

Where were literacy rates in 1960?

A

50%

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29
Q

How many colleges/unis in 1961?

A

1,200

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30
Q

When was national system of primary education set up?

A

Middle of 1950s

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31
Q

What did Marxists believe about religion?

A

superstitious & created by classes in power to suppress masses.

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32
Q

What happened to religion?

A

Christian churches closed & church property seized/destroyed.

Clergy denounced, foreign priests/nuns expelled.

Imprisonment of nuns/priests condemned by Papacy so Bishops/priests appointed by CCP not recognised by Rome, risked excommunication

Wall posters/loudspeakers spread propaganda → condemned religion

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33
Q

What happened to Buddhism in Tibet?

A

prosecuted

34
Q

what were Patriotic churches?

A

showed toleration & were state controlled, clergy had to profess open support for CCP

35
Q

What was up w/ religion & Xinjiang?

A

population had devoutly muslim religious belief & politics could create a separatist movement

36
Q

What did CCP condemn independent orgs as?

A

‘handfuls of national separatists’

‘reactionary feudal ideas’

in league w/ ‘hostile foreign forces.

37
Q

How was Muslim proportion in Xinjiang doing in 1976?

A

still large minority of population despite adopting same policy as Tibet

38
Q

When was campaign launched to eliminate all traces of religion from peasants?

A

1950

39
Q

What did agitprop (communist propaganda in art/literature) do?

A

Customs & rituals that’d help shape lives of peasants prosecuted

40
Q

What happened to many rural industries (spinning, weaving cloth)

A

wiped out

41
Q

What happened to those who couldn’t contribute to agri production

A

found themselves marginalised (pregnant women)

42
Q

When were there Extremely demanding grain quotas

A

1953

43
Q

When was household registration system extended to countryside

A

1955

44
Q

What did household registration system lead to?

A

tied peasants to land, so millions of migrants forced to return to countryside

45
Q

What impact did GLF have on crime?

A

Horrors of it brought about secret societies, prostitution, cannibalism.

46
Q

What happened to Uighur muslims?

A

limited independence, discriminated against in employment

Mao didn’t like minority groups & wanted uniformity

47
Q

What happened to films

A

Films politically oriented but thriving (peasants illiterate)

48
Q

How were factory werkers?

A

had education & jobs (stability)

49
Q

What happened to Buddhist monks?

A

persecuted & forced to werk, restricted; some toleration towards them

50
Q

What happened to Books?

A

banned unless propagandist

51
Q

What did Mao want for Taiwan & Tibet in 1949?

A

liberate them & ‘fight imperialism to the end’.

Policy would ‘lean to one side’ (USSR & US).

Mao negotiating from a place of weakness.

52
Q

How were Mao & USSR in 1949?

A

significant ideological differences.

Mao travelled to Moscow to negotiate treaty that would restore full Chinese sovereignty over Manchuria (Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty 1945 had taken it away).

53
Q

How was Korea in 1949?

A

split in 2 zones (North = Soviet forces & Comm gov’t & South = US forces & pro-western gov’t).

Dividing line was on 38th parallel.

54
Q

What had Jiang taken w/ him in 1949?

A

Chinese airforce & navy, China’s gold reserves & 2 million refugees.

Jiang still technically leader of China’s gov’t & so had recognition from US & western powers & held seat in UN

55
Q

US & Taiwan in 1949?

A

US not prepared to defend Taiwan against Comm invasion

56
Q

When did war break out between S & N Korea?

A

June 1950

57
Q

What did US do when war broke out?

A

US & allies took issue to UN & were authorised to intervene.

When US forces crossed the 38th, PLA intervened

58
Q

How many PLA died in N/S Kor war?

A

900,000 died & 3 million involved.

59
Q

What was the Vietminh?

A

Comm independence movement

9 years of war between them & France

PRC provided them w/ military aid

60
Q

When was 2nd Sino-Soviet friendship Treaty?

A

1950

61
Q

What was agreed in 2nd Sino-Soviet friendship Treaty?

A

Soviet advisers sent to China & not subject to law.

Aid package was loan & had to be repaid w/ interest in grain.

Would give up Soviet rights in Manchuria in 1952 & given mineral rights to exploit deposits in Xinjiang.

UNEQUAL TREATY. Mao’s humiliation led to mutual suspicion.

62
Q

When was the Korean War?

A

1950

63
Q

What did the Korean war lead to?

A

aligned US in defence of Taiwan & US 7th fleet sent

64
Q

When was Tibet liberated?

A

1950

PLA declared it’s been liberated from imperialist oppression

65
Q

When was there stalemate in Korean war/peace negotiations?

A

Summer 1951

66
Q

When were 3rd line CH defences set up w/ help of Stalin? (against Kor)

A

1951

67
Q

when was ceasefire between N/S Kor?

A

1953

68
Q

When was Geneva conference?

A

1954

69
Q

What happened in Geneva conference?

A

no formal agreement signed on peace/armistice.

Zhou Enlai & CH delegation encouraged Vietminh to accept peace agreement that gave them control of North Vietnam

70
Q

What did PRC claim about imperialism?

A

they’d be leaders of anti-imperialist movement

leading role in 1955 Bandung (asian-african) conference. Only symbolic as they didn’t have military/resources to intervene in conflicts around world.

71
Q

When was Bandung conference?

A

1955

72
Q

When were elections planned to elect national gov’t but weren’t accepted by South Vietnam so didn’t happen & civil war continued

A

1956

73
Q

What happened w/ Tibet in 1956?

A

New road built by CH to link Tibet to CH crossed Indian territory & led to border clashes.

74
Q

What was happening between Khrushchev & Mao in 1956?

A

major ideological differences between them.

K made speech denouncing Stalin; indirect attack on Mao’s style of leadership.

Mao critical of K’s peaceful co-existence w/ Western capitalist powers.

Revolts against Comm rule in Poland & Hungary showed to Mao, that USSR had taken wrong path.

75
Q

What did Khrushchev propose in 1957?

A

Sino-Soviet submarine force in Indian & Pacific oceans

Mao rejected

76
Q

What did PLA do to GMD in 1958?

A

bombarded GMD held island of Quemoy & built up its forces along Taiwan strait

BUT there was order of withdrawal of forces due to USSR not helping

77
Q

What happened w/ K & nuclear weapons in 1958?

A

Mao obtained K’s commitment to provide CH w/ tech to develop nuclear weapons

78
Q

When did US imposed trade ban w/ China

A

1958

79
Q

What happened w/ Tibet/India in 1959?

A

Tibetan resistance supported by CIA led to open revolt; PLA put it down w/ great force.

PLA launched offensive against India on disputed border. CH advanced, took control of Indian territory & continued building rd.

80
Q

What happened w/ Dalai Lama in 1959?

A

Fled into exile to India, further straining relations between 2 countries → no formal peace agreement ever established.

CHINA (3 decks)

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