Children's Normal Growth and Development

Question 1

why are children prone to getting septic arthritis

Answer 1

blood supply to growth plate is quite sluggish

Question 2

there is very set guidelines for what is normal in children’s development - true or false

Answer 2

false

there is a very broad range of ‘normal’ limits in children

Question 3

what are factors that help us grow

Answer 3

diet
sunshine - vit D
vitamines
growth plates
hormones 
movement

Question 4

what are factors that can affect growth

Answer 4

Heuter-Volkmann Law
Periosteal release
Fractures
Blood flow

Question 5

milestones of MSK system in children

Answer 5

6m - rolls, can sit
10m - sits unsupported
1y - stand holding something
18m - walks alone
2y - run, stairs 2 at time
3y - up stairs 1 at time
4y - down stairs 1 at time, hop
8y - adult gait

Question 6

what are the categories of flat foot

Answer 6

flexible flat feet (painless vs painful)

Stiff flat feet (painless vs painful)

Question 7

what can be a feature of flat feet

Answer 7

tight achilles tendon

Question 8

what are flat feet

Answer 8

feet that have not developed an arch

Question 9

what is definition of flexible flat feet

Answer 9

flattened medial arch forms with dorsiflexion of the great toe (Jack test)

Question 10

what is definition of stiff flat feet

Answer 10

arch remains flat regardless of load or great toe dorsiflexion
may require surgery

Question 11

what causes in-toeing

Answer 11

femoral neck anteversion
internal tibial torsion
metatarsus adductus

Question 12

what is in-toeing

Answer 12

when walking and standing will have feet that point toward the midline

Question 13

what do parents complain about in children with in-toeing

Answer 13

clumsy and wear through shoes at an alarming rate

Question 14

all babies are born with bow legs - when does if become abnormal

Answer 14

after 2 years

Question 15

what is the other term for bow legs

Answer 15

Genu Varum

Question 16

what can excessive Genu Varum be due to and what is the treatment

Answer 16

growth disorder of the medial proximal tibial physis - Blount’s disease
surgery - osteotomy

Question 17

when would you be concerned about genu vacuum/bow legs

Answer 17

Asymmetry 

Not resolving

Painful

Height

Question 18

what is knock knees also known as

Answer 18

genu valgum

Question 19

what are causes of genu valgum

Answer 19

rickets
tumours (enchondromatosis)
trauma
NF
Idiopathic

Question 20

when do we worry about genu valgum

Answer 20

asymmetry

Inter-malleolar distance > 8cm at 11 years

Question 21

features of patellofemoral dysfunction

Answer 21

anterior knee pain
localised patellar tenderness
common in teenage girls
thought to be due to muscle imbalance, ligamentous laxity and subtle skeletal predispositio

Question 22

what is the treatment of anterior knee pain

Answer 22

self-limiting
physio to rebalance muscles
most patients grow out of it

Question 23

what must be checked with knee pain

Answer 23

the hip

can be referred pain due to obturator nerve

Question 24

what is curly toes

Answer 24

Minor overlapping of the toes and curling of toes is common with the fifth toe is most frequently affected

Question 25

Tx of curly toes

Answer 25

most correct themselves
can cause discomfort wearing shoes
surgical correction