Childhood Learning And Neuropsychiatric Disorders Flashcards
What are primary determinants of dyslexia?
Disruptions to posterior regions
What are the two models of dyslexia?
*Visual processing model Surface: -word reading impaired/sounding out unimpaired -impairment if orthographic skills -visual and visuo-perceptual problems
Deep:
- sounding out words impaired
- impaired auditory/language skills
- phonological skills impaired
*Phonological loop
PM: what is impaired and what is intact with dyslexia?
Difficulty with: Word-decoding Slow & non-automatic reading Identifying and comprehending words Phonological processing (+ naming speed deficit)
Preserved:
Syntax, intelligence, reasoning, vocab
Listening comprehension
PM: what are the 3 aspects and the model’s hypothesis?
- Phonological processing
- Word-decoding
- Naming speed
Double deficit hypothesis: reading disabilities are deficits in either phonological or naming speed
What two working memory systems are thought to be involved with dyslexia?
Articulatory phonological loop: temp buffer for maintaining + manipulating verbal + auditory behavior
Visuospatial sketchpad: temp buffer for visuo and visuo-spatial info
What are the 3 proposed reading-related systems?
Left dorsal P-T areas
Left ventral O-T region
Left Broca’s area
What are the differences between a reading-spelling disability and nonverbal learning disability?
- Psycholinguistic skills: RS=weak, NVLD=strong
- Visual and tactile perception, psychomotor and non-verbal/novel problem solving: RS=preserved; NVLD=poor
- Academics: RS=poor reading/spelling, mechanical arithmetic competent but below avg; NVLD=poor basic arithmetic, sight word reading intact
- Arithmetic performance: RS=poor because of verbal deficits; NVLD=poor due to visual-perceptual and non-verbal
- Dysfx: RS=LH; NVLD=RH
What neurological areas are involved in Dyslexia?
Genetics (‘chromes’ 6 and 15)
Planum temporale of L post. temp. lobe (phonological processing)
Regional abnormality (less activation in LPT and T-P cortices)
CBF to region surrounding planum temporale (Wernicke’s & angular gyrus) = reading performance
Abnormal development of L planum temporale (neuronal ectopias & cytoarchitectonic dysplasia)
NVLD: Neuropsychological pathogenesis
RH (posterior, possibly anterior - mental flexibility, white matter tracts connecting F and RH)
RH organization
diffuse
more association regions
greater inter-regional integration of info
more adept at processing complex, novel or ambiguous info
Pervasive developmental disorders (4 criteria)
Must show impairment in 1 or more:
- Social interactions
- flexibility in behaviour
- verbal and non-verbal language
- range of interests and activities
Autism: are males more affected than females?
Male 2:1 - 6:1
- *Males naturally have more vasopressin and low oxytocin (females have more oxytocin - more likely to bond with others/make eye-contact)
- *Males externalize symptoms (commonly co-morbid with ADHD); females internalize (more comorbid with anxiety/depression)
Autism: 3 core deficits
- Ability to relate to others
- Deficits in communication
- Unusual behaviour patterns
Autism: Ability to relate to others
"autistic aloneness" Often exhibit: joint attention deficits (inability to see from someone else's PoV) poor conversational skills lack of eye contact inappropriate facial expressions
Autism: Deficits in communication
Minimal development in symbolic play
Delayed-onset of language
Restricted
Issues understanding/utilizing non-verbal
could see: echolalia, pronoun reversal, neologisms
