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hi everyone > childhood infection diseases > Flashcards

childhood infection diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide?

A

pneumonia

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2
Q

what is bronchiolitis?

A

viral infection primarily affects infants and young children. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause, and outbreaks can occur seasonally
(Glasper,2016)

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3
Q

name two gastrointestinal infections

A
  • rotavirus
  • gastroenteritis
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
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4
Q

name two vector-borne infections

A
  • malaria
  • dengue fever
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
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5
Q

name three vaccine-preventable infections

A
  • measles
  • polio
  • MMR
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
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6
Q

how many children worldwide have RSV?

A

33 million under 5yrs
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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7
Q

how long is the TB incubation?

A

3-9 months
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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8
Q

what is the incubation period of polio?

A

usually 7 - 10 days but can range from 4 - 35 days
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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9
Q

how does polio enter the system?

A

mouth/intestine - invades nervous system
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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10
Q

what are symptoms of polio?

A
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • headache
  • vomiting
  • pain in limbs
  • permanent muscle paralysis can occur
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
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11
Q

how is polio spread?

A

faeces, can spread quickly through areas with poor hygiene and sanitation systems
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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12
Q

what is infectivity?

A

associated with length of pre-symptomatic phase
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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13
Q

what is pathogenicity?

A

the process by which an infection leads to a disease
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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14
Q

what are the 4 stages of pathogenicity?

A
  1. portal of entry
  2. local replication
  3. spread to target organs
  4. shedding to environment
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
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15
Q

what is virulence?

A

how harmful a pathogen is
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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16
Q

list the 4 parts of virulence

A
  • viral replication
  • impact on host defence mechanism
  • tropism - spread and transmission through body
  • encodes for products that are directly toxic
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
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17
Q

what is immunogenicity?

A

the ability of a foreign antigen to provoke an immune response
(Cherry et al, 2019)

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18
Q

what are the four host factors?

A
  • age
  • immunity
  • genetics
  • external factors
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
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19
Q

what are the five modes of transmission of an infectious disease?

A
  • respiratory secretions (airborne droplets, direct contact, respiratory)
  • faeces (oral)
  • lesion exudates (from sex, skin, genitals)
  • blood ( skin via insect bite,IV)
  • Aerosols (direct inhalation, respiratory)
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
20
Q

what are symptoms of MMR?

A
  • runny nose
  • cough
  • rash after 7-18 days after exposure and lasts 5-6days
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
21
Q

what is hepatitis B and C?

A
  • blood born virus, the causes death from liver cirrhosis and cancer
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
22
Q

what type of medication can cure hep C?

A

direct acting antiviral meds
(Cherry et al, 2019)

23
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A
  • transport system for immune cells (white blood cells)
  • removes excess interstitial fluid and waste products
  • absorbs fats
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
24
Q

what organs and tissues are involved in the lymphatic system?

A
  • spleen largest lymphoid organ
  • bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
25
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

loose clusters of white blood cells and are organised in structures
(Cherry et al, 2019)

26
Q

where do lymphocytes develop?

A

bone marrow
(Cherry et al, 2019)

27
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B lymphocytes
(Cherry et al, 2019)

28
Q

what happens in the lymph nodes?

A
  • lymph drains out of lymph node
  • lymph is filtered meaning it is detoxified and wast products are removed
  • over 600 in body
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
29
Q

where can you find the lymph nodes?

A
  • axilla
  • head
  • neck
  • inguinal
  • abdomen
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
30
Q

explain B lymphocytes

A
  • mature in bone marrow
  • travel in blood to secondary lymphoid organs
  • produce antibodies
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
31
Q

explain T lymphocytes

A
  • leave bone marrow as immature cells during fatal and early life
  • go to thymus to mature
  • move to secondary lymphoid organs
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
32
Q

why do we need to know about T and B cells?

A

understand:
- how body deals with infection causing pathogens
- how body responds to damaged, non functioning cells or cancer
- auto-immune disorders
- haematological cancer of B cells and leukocytes
- consequences of depleted immune response
(Cherry et al, 2019)

33
Q

what is active immunity?

A
  • acquired through immunisation or having a disease
  • body has specific response (immunological memory)
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
34
Q

what is passive immunity

A

transferred from another source
via placenta or mums milk
- short acting with no immunological memory
(Cherry et al, 2019)

35
Q

what is primary antibody mediated immune response?

A
  • Specific antigen is encountered
  • Takes around 2 weeks for the antibody to be detected in blood: disease many develop meantime
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
36
Q

what is secondary antibody mediated immune response?

A
  • Person encounters the antigen again
  • Memory cells respond quickly, producing plasma cells which secrete the specific antibody; also may be residual antibody from primary response
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
37
Q

what is third line immune response?

A
  • specific/adaptive immunity
  • The acquired response to an antigen that triggers an antibody to be produced by the immune system
  • could be cell-mediated, humeral, active or passive
  • created immunological memory
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
37
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity?

A
  • initiated by B cells which produce antibodies
  • Antigen receptor on antibody surface is specific for one antigen only: able to remember, recognise, and bind to the antigen
  • Antibodies enhance the link between innate and adaptive immunity and improve conditions for phagocytes, act as opsonin ‘tag’
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
38
Q

What is IgM?

A
  • antibody found in blood
  • is an indicator of recent infection
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
39
Q

what is IgG?

A
  • antibody that can neutralise toxins
  • lots of it
  • important in first weeks of life
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
40
Q

what is inflammation?

A
  • complex, non-specific response to tissue injury
  • intended to minimise effects of an injury or infection, remove damaged tissue
  • generate new tissues and start healing
  • can be acute or chronic
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
41
Q

what happens when there is an inflammatory response?

A
  • redness and heat due to increased blood flow
  • swelling due to capillary permeability
  • increased blood flow moves white blood cells to site of damage
  • pain tenderness
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
42
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

deal with localised damage and infection
(Cherry et al, 2019)

43
Q

how do autoimmune disorders happen?

A
  • body is unable to differentiate self and non-self
  • autoantibodies are formed and immune system fails to recognise itself
  • sometime a genetic element
    (Cherry et al, 2019)
44
Q

Name some therapies to reduce the immune response (deliberately).
(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • Non-sterodial anti-inflammatories (NSAID’s)
  • steriods
  • cytotoxic therapy
  • monoclonal antibody therapy
45
Q

How can nurses improve vaccine promotion and implementation?
(Carracedo, 2020).

A
  • patient reminders/ recall
  • education- inform pateints about safety and importance of vaccines
  • isolated community education
  • isolated health education in health centered
  • reduce vaccination costs
  • improve acess to vaccination
  • schedule home visits
46
Q

How can nursing staff prevent vaccine adverse reactions and complications?
(Pawlowski, 2018).

A
  • physical examination of patient before administration, excluding any contradiction
  • complying with standards in national acts and regulations
  • have adequate knowledge on the vaccine, contradictions, administration technique etc.

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