childhood infection diseases Flashcards
What is the leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide?
pneumonia
what is bronchiolitis?
viral infection primarily affects infants and young children. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause, and outbreaks can occur seasonally
(Glasper,2016)
name two gastrointestinal infections
- rotavirus
- gastroenteritis
(Cherry et al, 2019)
name two vector-borne infections
- malaria
- dengue fever
(Cherry et al, 2019)
name three vaccine-preventable infections
- measles
- polio
- MMR
(Cherry et al, 2019)
how many children worldwide have RSV?
33 million under 5yrs
(Cherry et al, 2019)
how long is the TB incubation?
3-9 months
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is the incubation period of polio?
usually 7 - 10 days but can range from 4 - 35 days
(Cherry et al, 2019)
how does polio enter the system?
mouth/intestine - invades nervous system
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what are symptoms of polio?
- fever
- fatigue
- headache
- vomiting
- pain in limbs
- permanent muscle paralysis can occur
(Cherry et al, 2019)
how is polio spread?
faeces, can spread quickly through areas with poor hygiene and sanitation systems
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is infectivity?
associated with length of pre-symptomatic phase
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is pathogenicity?
the process by which an infection leads to a disease
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what are the 4 stages of pathogenicity?
- portal of entry
- local replication
- spread to target organs
- shedding to environment
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is virulence?
how harmful a pathogen is
(Cherry et al, 2019)
list the 4 parts of virulence
- viral replication
- impact on host defence mechanism
- tropism - spread and transmission through body
- encodes for products that are directly toxic
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is immunogenicity?
the ability of a foreign antigen to provoke an immune response
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what are the four host factors?
- age
- immunity
- genetics
- external factors
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what are the five modes of transmission of an infectious disease?
- respiratory secretions (airborne droplets, direct contact, respiratory)
- faeces (oral)
- lesion exudates (from sex, skin, genitals)
- blood ( skin via insect bite,IV)
- Aerosols (direct inhalation, respiratory)
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what are symptoms of MMR?
- runny nose
- cough
- rash after 7-18 days after exposure and lasts 5-6days
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is hepatitis B and C?
- blood born virus, the causes death from liver cirrhosis and cancer
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what type of medication can cure hep C?
direct acting antiviral meds
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is the lymphatic system?
- transport system for immune cells (white blood cells)
- removes excess interstitial fluid and waste products
- absorbs fats
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what organs and tissues are involved in the lymphatic system?
- spleen largest lymphoid organ
- bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what are lymphocytes?
loose clusters of white blood cells and are organised in structures
(Cherry et al, 2019)
where do lymphocytes develop?
bone marrow
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what are the two types of lymphocytes?
T and B lymphocytes
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what happens in the lymph nodes?
- lymph drains out of lymph node
- lymph is filtered meaning it is detoxified and wast products are removed
- over 600 in body
(Cherry et al, 2019)
where can you find the lymph nodes?
- axilla
- head
- neck
- inguinal
- abdomen
(Cherry et al, 2019)
explain B lymphocytes
- mature in bone marrow
- travel in blood to secondary lymphoid organs
- produce antibodies
(Cherry et al, 2019)
explain T lymphocytes
- leave bone marrow as immature cells during fatal and early life
- go to thymus to mature
- move to secondary lymphoid organs
(Cherry et al, 2019)
why do we need to know about T and B cells?
understand:
- how body deals with infection causing pathogens
- how body responds to damaged, non functioning cells or cancer
- auto-immune disorders
- haematological cancer of B cells and leukocytes
- consequences of depleted immune response
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is active immunity?
- acquired through immunisation or having a disease
- body has specific response (immunological memory)
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is passive immunity
transferred from another source
via placenta or mums milk
- short acting with no immunological memory
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is primary antibody mediated immune response?
- Specific antigen is encountered
- Takes around 2 weeks for the antibody to be detected in blood: disease many develop meantime
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is secondary antibody mediated immune response?
- Person encounters the antigen again
- Memory cells respond quickly, producing plasma cells which secrete the specific antibody; also may be residual antibody from primary response
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is third line immune response?
- specific/adaptive immunity
- The acquired response to an antigen that triggers an antibody to be produced by the immune system
- could be cell-mediated, humeral, active or passive
- created immunological memory
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is antibody mediated immunity?
- initiated by B cells which produce antibodies
- Antigen receptor on antibody surface is specific for one antigen only: able to remember, recognise, and bind to the antigen
- Antibodies enhance the link between innate and adaptive immunity and improve conditions for phagocytes, act as opsonin ‘tag’
(Cherry et al, 2019)
What is IgM?
- antibody found in blood
- is an indicator of recent infection
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is IgG?
- antibody that can neutralise toxins
- lots of it
- important in first weeks of life
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what is inflammation?
- complex, non-specific response to tissue injury
- intended to minimise effects of an injury or infection, remove damaged tissue
- generate new tissues and start healing
- can be acute or chronic
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what happens when there is an inflammatory response?
- redness and heat due to increased blood flow
- swelling due to capillary permeability
- increased blood flow moves white blood cells to site of damage
- pain tenderness
(Cherry et al, 2019)
what do phagocytes do?
deal with localised damage and infection
(Cherry et al, 2019)
how do autoimmune disorders happen?
- body is unable to differentiate self and non-self
- autoantibodies are formed and immune system fails to recognise itself
- sometime a genetic element
(Cherry et al, 2019)
Name some therapies to reduce the immune response (deliberately).
(Herrington, 2019)
- Non-sterodial anti-inflammatories (NSAID’s)
- steriods
- cytotoxic therapy
- monoclonal antibody therapy
How can nurses improve vaccine promotion and implementation?
(Carracedo, 2020).
- patient reminders/ recall
- education- inform pateints about safety and importance of vaccines
- isolated community education
- isolated health education in health centered
- reduce vaccination costs
- improve acess to vaccination
- schedule home visits
How can nursing staff prevent vaccine adverse reactions and complications?
(Pawlowski, 2018).
- physical examination of patient before administration, excluding any contradiction
- complying with standards in national acts and regulations
- have adequate knowledge on the vaccine, contradictions, administration technique etc.
