Childhood Diseases II

Question 1

What is Caput Succedaneum?

Answer 1

Scalp swelling caused by pressure of the head against the cervix during pregnancy.

Question 2

What sort of diseases can cause transplacental infection?

Answer 2

Toxoplasmosis
Other (Syphilis) (Parvovirus)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpesvirus

Question 3

When does rubella cross the placenta?

Answer 3

Within the first trimester

Question 4

What incidence of fetal infections will have physical abnormalities in a mother giving birth with rubella

Answer 4

10% will show
Low birth weight
Purpuric rash
Small head
Heart defects (PDA)
Cataracts

Question 5

When is it possible to treat a mother infected with syphillis in order to protect the baby?

Answer 5

If treated before the 5th month of pregnancy as syphillis will not pass the placenta until the 5th month of pregnancy.

Question 6

A vesiculobullous rash on a newborn is a sign of what?

Answer 6

A sign of congenital syphilis.

Question 7

Hutchinsons incisors, Mulberry molars and Saber shins are symptoms of what congnital disease?

Answer 7

Syphillis.

Question 8

What are Ascending infections?

Answer 8

Infections that pass through the cervix following or triggering premature rupture of the membrane (PROM)

Question 9

What is the most common type of bacteria that causes early onset neonatal sepsis?

Answer 9

0-7 days considered early onset most commonly caused by GBS for gram +

For Gram - most common is E. Coli and Klebsiella.

Question 10

What are common complications of ascending infection of neonates?

Answer 10

Neonatal pneumoniae and Meningitis.

Question 11

What is the number 1 cause of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 11

Lack of surfactant due to permaturity

Question 12

What percentage of premature neonates will have respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 12

60%!
Maternal excessive sedation, fetal head injury during delivery, blood or amniotic fluid aspiration can all cause RDS as well.

Question 13

What is Hyaline Membrane disease?

Answer 13

Another term for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 14

What is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in premature infants?

Answer 14

Hyaline membrane disease (Neonatal respiratory Distress syndrome)

Question 15

Maternal diabetes
Delivery by cesarean section
and
Male gender all put the neonate at greater risk of what disease?

Answer 15

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 16

What is the fundamental cause of neonatal respiratory distesss syndrome?

Answer 16

Decreased alveolar surfactant leading to hypoventilation / CO2 defect.
Leads to damage of endothelial cell damage leading to leakage and lung epithelial cells destroying alveoli.

Question 17

A neonate with a lecithin/sphingomyelin ration > 2 with the presence of phosphatdylglycerol is highly likely to have what disorder?

Answer 17

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome AKA Hyaline membrane disease.

Question 18

What are two common complications that come with hyaline membrane disease?

Answer 18

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Necrotizing enterocolitis

Question 19

What causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?

Answer 19

Occurs if pretern neonates are treated with oxygen therapy for more than 4 weeks under positive pressure ventilation.

Question 20

Lungs with cobblestone exterior surface due to hyperinflation and fibrosis is a result of what disease?

Answer 20

Chronic lung disease AKA Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Question 21

Which segment of the colon is necrotizing enterocolitis typically seen in neonates?

Answer 21

Terminal part of the ileum starting in the mucosa.

Question 22

Bloody stools, abdominal distension, pneumatosis intestinalis and circalatory collapse are all signs of what disorder?

Answer 22

Necrotizing enterocolitis.

Question 23

What is the cause for immune fetal hydrops?

Answer 23

Blood group incompatibility due to Rh - mother previously exposed to Rh+

Question 24

When is the neonates blood most likely to be exposed to the mother?

Answer 24

During the third trimester when the cytotrophoblasts are no longer present as a barrier during delivery.

Question 25

Cardiac decompensation within a neonate suffering from hydrops fetalis will cause what?

Answer 25

Hydrops/ edema.

Question 26

What causes Kernicterus and bilirubin in neonates affected by fetal hydrops?

Answer 26

Hb degradation billirubin due to maternal IgG attacking neonate blood!

Question 27

What is Kernicterus and what causes it?

Answer 27

Billirubin binding with the lipids in the brain seen in fetal hydrops due to destruction of neonate RBC by maternal IgG.

Question 28

At what age range does 90% of babies die from Sudden infant death syndrome?

Answer 28

90% of cases is in infants less than 6 months old with most between 2-4 months.

Question 29

What are the risk factors for Sudden infant death syndrome?

Answer 29

Young maternal age

Question 30

Hypoplasia of arcuat nucleus and decreased brain stem neuronal populations are all pathology to what disorder?

Answer 30

Sudden infant death syndrome

SIDS

Question 31

What is the most common tumor in infants?

Answer 31

Hemangioma

Question 32

What are the two types of hemangiomas?

Answer 32

Capillary hemangiomas “Strawberry type”
And
Cavernous hemangiomas part of the VHL disease.

Question 33

Which type of hemangioma regresses?

Answer 33

Capillary hemangiomas do, Cavernous hemangiomas such as Port wine stains do not regress.