Child Reading & Writing Flashcards
What is it called when a child associates speech and writing?
phoneme-grapheme correspondence
What is pseudo-reading?
Where a baby or young child sits with an adult and is read to.
What does pseudo-reading help?
Helps learn the mechanics of books
What does the phonic approach focus on?
Focusses on the sound of letters
What is the Synthetic Phonics approach?
Individual sounds are divorced from bigger words
In the analytic approach, what two categories are words divided into?
Onset and rime
What is onset?
The first chunk of a word
What is rime?
The second chunk of a word.
In the following word, what bit is the onset?
“Pond”
P
In the following word, what bit is the rime?
Pond
ond
What is the whole word approach?
Teaches children to recognise the word as a whole as opposed to individual sounds. Recognise the shape of words and letters
What does it mean if a text is cohesive?
All bits of writing on the page relate to each other
Which two theorists proposed Story Grammar (1979)?
Stein and Glenn
In Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar, what is the setting?
The introduction of main characters as well as the time and place for the story action
In Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar, what is the initiating event?
An action or happening that sets up a problem or dilemma for the story
In Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar, what is the internal response?
The protagonist’s reactions to the initiating event
In Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar, what is the attempt?
An action or plan of the protagonist to solve the problem
In Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar, what is the consequence?
The result of the protagonist’s actions
In Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar, what is the reaction?
A response by the protagonist to the consequence
What are the 6 different types of reading cues?
-Graphophonic
-Semantic
-Visual
-Syntactic
-Contextual
-Miscue
What type of reading cue is graphophonic?
Looking at the shape of words and linking them to familiar graphemes or words to interpret them
What type of reading cue is semantic?
Understanding the meanings of words and making connections between words in order to decode new ones
What type of reading cue is visual?
Looking at pictures and using the visual narrative to interpret unfamiliar words and ideas
What type of reading cue is syntactic?
applying knowledge of a word order and word classes to work out if a words seems right in the context
What type of reading cue is contextual?
Searching for understanding in the situation of the story- comparing it to their own experience or their pragmatic understanding of social conventions
What type of reading cue is miscue?
Making errors when reading: a child might miss a word or substitute another that looks similar, or guess a word from the accompanying pictures.
Which is harder to learn, speech or reading & writing?
Reading and Writing
How many principles does Clay have?
4
In Clay’s Principles, what is the Recurring Principle?
When a child knows only a limited number of letters, they will use these repeatedly to create a message
In Clay’s Principles, what is the Directional Principle?
They learn that reading and writing goes from left to right and uses a return sweep to start the process again
In Clay’s Principles, what is the Generating Principle?
The child learns that there are a limited number of letters that combine in different ways. They begin to recognise there are patterns that can be used to convey a message.
In Clay’s Principles, what is the Inventory Principle?
The child begins to write lists of letters and words that they know as a summary of their own learning.
How many principles does Goodman propose?
3
In Goodman’s Principles, what is the Functional Principle?
The notion that writing can serve a purpose and has a function for the writer
In Goodman’s Principles, what is the Linguistic Principle?
The notion that writing is a system that is organised into words and letters and has directionality.
In Goodman’s Principles, what is the Relational Principle?
Children start to connect what they write with spoken words and understand that the alphabet carries meaning.
How many basic skills for writing are there?
10
How many stages of writing are there in Barclay’s Stages?
7
What is the first stage of Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Scribbling
What is scribbling in Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Random marks on the page
What is the second stage of Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Mock Handwriting
What is mock handwriting in Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Often appears with drawings (looks like separate lines of writing ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~)
What is the third stage of Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Mock Letters
What is mock letters in Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Children make letter-like shapes that resemble conventional alphabet letters
What is the fourth stage of Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Conventional letters
What is conventional letters in Barclay’s Seven Stages?
The firs word to appear is usually the child’s first name eg.
BDTISSYNQLHJISSYNMFT
What is the fifth stage of Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Invented spelling
What is Invented Spelling in Barclay’s Seven Stages?
As the child writes conventional letters, they begin to cluster letters to make words eg.
LMND PQRT LDS FHUI
What is the sixth stage of Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Approximated/phonetic spelling
What is approximated/phonetic spelling in Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Children begin to associate sounds with the letters eg BRD for bird
What is the seventh stage of Barclay’s Seven Stages?
Conventional Spelling
What is conventional spelling in Barclay’s Seven Stages?
This occurs as the child’s approximated spellings become more and more conventional
How many phases of learning to write did Kroll propose?
4
What is the first phase of Kroll’s Phases?
Preparatory Stage
What is Preparatory Stage in Kroll’s phases?
-Child masters the basic motor skills needed to write
-Child learns the basic principles of the spelling system
What is the second phase of Kroll’s phases?
Consolidation Stage
What is Consolidation Stage in Kroll’s phases?
-Child writes in the same way it speaks
-Use short declarative sentences which include mainly ‘and’ conjunctions
-Incomplete sentences as they don’t know how to finish the sentence off
What is the third phase of Kroll’s Phases?
Differentiation Stage
What is Differentiation Stage in Kroll’s phases?
-Child becomes aware of the difference between speaking and writing
-Child recognises the different writing styles available
-Child makes lots of mistakes
-Writing guides and frameworks are provided to structure work
-Child writing tends to reflect thoughts and feelings
What is the fourth phase of Kroll’s Phases?
Integration Stage
What is Integration Stage in Kroll’s phases?
-Child develops a personal style
-Child understands you can change your style according to audience and purpose
