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Child Language > Child Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Child Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What/who did Skinner conduct his research on?

A

Rats

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2
Q

What features and studies show Skinner’s argument to be flawed?

A

•He conducted his research on rats
•Jean Berko’s Wug Experiment
•Children often say things adults would never say
•Chomsky claimed language used by adults towards children is “impoverished”

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3
Q

Who said “behaviours is shaped and maintained by its consequences”?

A

Skinner

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4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning what is right through punishment and reward

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5
Q

What two types of reinforcement make up operant conditioning?

A

•Positive
•Negative

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6
Q

What are the cases in FAVOUR of Skinner’s Behaviourist Theory?

A

•Children will often copy words they’ve heard a parent say
•Children usually acquire the same pronunciation as their parents (accent)
•Children usually acquire pragmatic features such as politeness from their parents

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7
Q

Who claims language used by adults when talking to children is “impoverished”?

A

Chomsky

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8
Q

What part of the brain suggests humans have an innate capacity to learn language?

A

The Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

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9
Q

What does the LAD contain knowledge of?

A

Universal Grammar

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10
Q

What does the LAD extract grammar rules from?

A

Overheard speech

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11
Q

What does Chomsky believe all languages share?

A

The same “deep structure” (all built upon nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs)

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12
Q

What is a virtuous error?

A

Where a child overapplies a grammatical rule to speech such as
“Mens” and “wented”

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13
Q

What is a case in favour of Chomsky’s Nativist Theory?

A

•No matter what cultural background or upbringing a child has all children go through the same stages of language development in the same order

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14
Q

What part of language does Chomsky’s theory solely look at?

A

Grammar

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15
Q

What sentence shows that sentences can be GRAMMATICALLY correct but SEMANTICALLY meaningless?

A

Colourless dreams sleep furiously

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16
Q

Why does Genie’s case refute Chomsky?

A

She never learnt grammatical features of language even when spoken to after she was rescued.

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17
Q

What is the critical period?

A

•The age before which you just be exposed to language and social interaction to be able to learn it.

•When the LAD is operable

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18
Q

Who said language acquisition is just a part of a child’s wider cognitive development?

A

Piaget

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19
Q

Name the THREE cognitive developments Piaget looked at

A

•Object Permanence
•Classification
•Seriation

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20
Q

What is “object permanence”?

A

When a child learns that things continue to exist when they cannot see or feel them

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21
Q

What is “classification”?

A

Children learn to classify objects and actions. Eg. Some things are eaten, some things are played with

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22
Q

What is “seriation”?

A

Children learn that things come in a series or an order eg that stories have a start and an ending and that dogs come in a variety of sizes “big dog, small dog”

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23
Q

What is a case against Piaget’s Cognitivism?

A

•Many people with language difficulties DO NOT have poor cognitive development

•Some children with impeded mental development in other areas still learn to speak fluently

•Neglects the social function of language

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24
Q

What did Bruner claim in his Input Theory?

A

•Language used by parents when talking to children is specifically designed to help children learn.

•Language has to be learnt actively and socially

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25
Q

Who said that “Children learn language to get what they want”?

A

Bruner

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26
Q

What did Bruner claim child directed language acts as?

A

A Learning Acquisition Support System (LASS)

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27
Q

Why does child directed language act as a LASS?

A

It is easier for the LAD to extract grammar rules from

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28
Q

What does the LASS work in conjunction with?

A

The LAD (Chomsky)

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29
Q

What are the four stages of the four-stage structure? (Bruner)

A
  1. Gaining attention- “oh look at this”
  2. Query- “what is that?”
  3. Label- “it is a mouse”
  4. Feedback- “yes a mouse”
30
Q

How do routines and rituals help children learn language? (Bruner)

A

They learn spoken discourse structures (eg service encounters), politeness and encourage language development.

31
Q

What is an example of routine and ritual in child’s play? (Bruner)

A

Playing shop

32
Q

What is a case AGAINST Bruner?

A

The Tsumanè people do not use Child Directed Language but the children learn to speak fluently (shows CDL is not necessary)

33
Q

Who further developed Bruner’s ideas?

A

Vygotsky

34
Q

What did Vygotsky say adults provide to help children form an utterance?

A

Scaffolding

35
Q

What do adults act as in conversation with a child? (Vygotsky)

A

A More Knowledgable Other (MKO)

36
Q

What does an MKO help a child move through?

A

The Zone of Proximal Development

37
Q

What is the “Zone of Proximal Development”?

A

Enhancing the child’s capabilities by moving them on to language that is slightly harder than what they can already do

38
Q

Define pragmatics

A

How context affects language

39
Q

What three pragmatic skills do children need to learn?

A

•Conversation Management eg. Turn taking
•Implicature and Inference
•Politeness and Co-operations

40
Q

Who studied the Co-Operative Principle?

A

Grice

41
Q

What is a minimal response?

A

The boss and noises we use when talking to someone to show that we are listening and supporting them.

42
Q

What causes a conversation to fail- micro pauses or silence?

A

Silence

43
Q

Why do conversations not fail when a child interrupts, overlaps or goes silent?

A

We continue the conversation anyway (feature of child directed language)

44
Q

What feature of speech is a good example of co-operative turn taking in children?

A

Completing adjacency pairs

45
Q

What do adults do when children interrupt them?

A

Pass their turn to the child (go along with it and talk topically with the child)

46
Q

What is a child directed topic?

A

A topic chosen for a child’s benefit

47
Q

What is a child selected topic?

A

A topic selected by the child

48
Q

What do adults do when selecting a topic of conversation with a child?

A

Keep suggesting topics until a child co-operates
-> this is a sign of dominance in conversation

49
Q

How many maxims did Grice observe?

A

Four

50
Q

What are Grice’s 4 maxims?

A

•Maxim of Quality
•Maxim of Quantity
•Maxim of Relevance
•Maxim of Manner

51
Q

Who studied the functions of children’s language? (2 theorists)

A

Halliday and Dore

52
Q

How many pragmatic function categories did Halliday devise?

A

7

53
Q

What are Halliday’s 7 pragmatic function categories?

A

•Instrumental
•Regulatory
•Interactional
•Personal
•Representational
•Imaginative
•Heuristic

54
Q

In Halliday’s taxonomy what is the function INSTRUMENTAL used for?

A

Fulfil a need
-> eg. “I want a drink”

55
Q

In Halliday’s taxonomy what is the function REGULATORY used for?

A

Influence the behaviour of others
-> eg. “Go away”

56
Q

In Halliday’s taxonomy what is the function INTERACTIONAL used for?

A

Develop and maintain social relationships
-> eg. “I love you mummy”

57
Q

In Halliday’s taxonomy what is the function PERSONAL used for?

A

Express feelings, opinions and individual identity
-> eg. “I like pasta”

58
Q

In Halliday’s taxonomy what is the function REPRESENTATIONAL used for?

A

Convey facts and information
-> eg. “it is hot”

59
Q

In Halliday’s taxonomy what is the function IMAGINATIVE used for?

A

Tell stories and create an imaginary world
-> eg. “I am a pink fluffy unicorn dancing on rainbows”

60
Q

In Halliday’s taxonomy what is the function HEURISTIC used for?

A

Learn more about the world
-> eg. “Where do babies come from?”

61
Q

When you talk about Halliday, who must you also talk about?

A

Dore

62
Q

How do you link Halliday and Dore?

A

“Halliday would call this X. Dore would call this Y”

63
Q

How many functions did Dore offer?

A

8

64
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function LABELLING used for?

A

Naming a person, object or thing
-> eg. “Mummy”

65
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function REPEATING used for?

A

Repeating an adult word or utterance
-> eg. “Biscuit, biscuit”

66
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function ANSWERING used for?

A

Responding to an utterance of another speaker
->eg. “yes”

67
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function REQUESTING ACTION used for?

A

Asking for something to be done
-> eg. “Pick me up”

68
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function CALLING used for?

A

Getting attention by shouting
-> eg. “Mummy! Mummy! MUMMY!”

69
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function GREETING used for?

A

Greeting someone or something
-> eg. “Hi!”

70
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function PROTESTING used for?

A

Objecting to requests from others
-> eg. “NO!”

71
Q

In Dore’s Functions what is the function PRACTICING used for?

A

Using language that is not addressed to anyone present
-> eg. Talking to themself (normally imaginative (Piaget))

Child Language (5 decks)

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