Child language aquisition Flashcards

(50 cards)

1
Q

What were David Crystals contributions?

A

-Importance of 1st year
-a child can say 300 words by 3

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2
Q

What are features of the pre-language stage? (0-3 months)

A

-crying/cooing to express needs
-little control of muscles
-voice box not properly in place
-responds to physical stimuli
-parents have an essential role in their future language development,motivating them to make sounds
-babies are aware of language

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3
Q

What are the features of the babbling stage (3-12 months)

A

-babies make all the sounds they’re capable of as its throat and jaw muscles develop
-babies babble over 100 lone sounds

-during early babbling the voicebox is moving into position,baby begins to make voiced sounds

-later babbling,sounds are reduced to words they hear,requires spoken langauge around them

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4
Q

what are mands?

A

random sounds babies make

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5
Q

what are tacts?

A

when adults give these sounds meanings

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6
Q

whats an echoic response?

A

-a development of tacts
-e.g baby makes a sound ‘da’ adult repeats sound,then baby repeats sound and is praised by adult

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7
Q

what is the holophrastic stage? (12-18 months)

A

-babies start to form proto-words

-first words are mainly nouns and social interjections

-using some verbs and prepositions?

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8
Q

What are proto-words (holophrastic)

A

babies start to create what will eventually be a fully formed word e.g rayray for raisin

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9
Q

what is under-extension (holophrastic)

A

-not understanding that a word can have more than 1 meaning

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10
Q

what is over-extension? (holophrastic)

A

-not understanding that there’s limits to labels

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11
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

smallest unit of grammer

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12
Q

what is a free morpheme?

A

a unit that can stand independently and be meaningful on its own

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13
Q

what is a bound morpheme?

A

a morpheme that can only have meaning when attached to a free morpheme

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14
Q

Who coined the term naming explosion?

A

aitchson

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15
Q

what are nelson catagories of first words?

A

-naming
-action
-social
-modifying
-entities
-properties
-actions
-personal social

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16
Q

what are the functions of childs language? (pragmatics)

A

-asking for something
-expressing feelings or emotions
-referring to themselves
-asking about something

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17
Q

how can neurodiversity impact language?

A

-some babies born with autism can’t take part in echoic response or are stuck in it

-productive lexicon:either have an extensive vocab or limited one

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18
Q

What is behaviourism? (skinner)

A

learning in an environment of stimulus,rewards and punishments

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19
Q

What is positve reinforcement? (skinner)

A

providing a reward to increase the likelihood of a behaviour

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20
Q

What is negative reinforcement? (skinner)

A

removing an unpleasent stimulus to decrease the behaviour

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21
Q

What is langauge aquisition? (skinner)

A

-children are conditioned to learn language,parents play a crucial role in their development

22
Q

What is immitation? (skinner)

A

-children imitate speech sounds and words from caregivers
-if imitation is rewarded learning takes place

23
Q

Evidence in favour of skinner?

A

-parilingustics and prosodics must be imitated

-early vocab is made up of imitated labels
-children develop accents

24
Q

evidence against skinner?

A

-children apply rules they can’t of learn’t from adults and form their own utterances

25
what are skinners schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed-ratio:responses reinforced after a set number of responses Variable ratio:responses reinforced after unspecified or unpredictable number of responses Fixed interval;responses reinforced over a specific amount of time Variable interval:responses reinforced after an unspecified or unpredictable amount of time
26
What was Bard and Sach's input theory?
-tests the role of interaction in the development of langauge -studied jim a child with 2 deaf parents,who was delayed in his speech
27
What was Berko-gleason's test? (counter to skinner)
wug test-demonstrates awareness of patterns -skinner ignores the use of virtous errors
28
What is the sensorimoter stage? piaget
-from birth-2 years -the world is understood through movements and sensations -babies learn about object permeance -begin to understand their actions have an affect on whats around them
29
What is the preoperational stage? piaget
-2 to 7 years -children begin to learn words and use pics to represent objects -language improves but thinking is still concrete
30
What is the concrete operational stage? piaget
-7-11 -children begin to understand the concept of conversation -still struggle with abstract concepts
31
What is the formal operational stage? piaget
-11 to 12 years -begins to think more abstractly -begins to think about moral,ethical and political issues -begins to use deductive logic
32
what is nativism? Chomsky
-basic concepts of language are innate -language aquisition device and universal grammer -direct opposition to behaviourism
33
what were Pinker's contributions to behaviourism?
-speech perception in children -principles and parameters theory
34
What was lennenburgs critical period hypothesis? supports nativism
-language is only possible within a specific timeframe
35
what are some criticisms of chomskys nativism?
-bard and sachs study on Jim -feral children don't develop language
36
Why is parental input important? bruner social interaction
-parental input helps create shared meanings -social interaction helps to shape a child's understanding of language
37
how is social interactionism connected to nativism? Bruner
-builds on nativism aknowledges a pre-disposition to language aquisition
38
What does LASS mean? Bruner
language aquisition support system
39
What is scaffolding? Bruner
support and guidance provided by parents and teachers to help develop a child's language skills
40
what are proto-conversations? Bruner
early stage of conversation before the child becomes an effective language producer -may include non-verbal responses
41
what is framing? bruner
-controlling the agenda of a conversation -making utterances and allowing children to fill out the blanks
42
What is recasting? Bruner
-rephrasing and extending a childs utterance
43
What is child directed speech? Bruner
-using high pitch and elongated vowel sounds to make their language more accessible
44
What is Vygotsky's scaffolding theory?
-idea of the zone of proximal development a child is able to complete with guidence
45
how is the z.p.d developed? Vygotsky
-children begin to use proper syntax and vocabulary -first a child observes interactions between other people and then adopts these behaviours
46
What is Catagorical Overextension? Rescorla
-using one word to refer to all types of words -e.g apple for all types of fruit
47
What is analogical over-extension?
-when a word is related to its perception or its function e.g fluffy scarf might be called cat
48
What are Halliday's 7 functions of language?
-instrumental:expressing needs -regulatory:telling others what to do -interactional:forming relationships -personal -Heuristic:environment -imaginative -representational
49
Roger Brown's two word utterances
1.Doer/agent and action 2.action and affected 3.Entity and location 4.posseser and possesion
50