Child language aquisition Flashcards
What were David Crystals contributions?
-Importance of 1st year
-a child can say 300 words by 3
What are features of the pre-language stage? (0-3 months)
-crying/cooing to express needs
-little control of muscles
-voice box not properly in place
-responds to physical stimuli
-parents have an essential role in their future language development,motivating them to make sounds
-babies are aware of language
What are the features of the babbling stage (3-12 months)
-babies make all the sounds they’re capable of as its throat and jaw muscles develop
-babies babble over 100 lone sounds
-during early babbling the voicebox is moving into position,baby begins to make voiced sounds
-later babbling,sounds are reduced to words they hear,requires spoken langauge around them
what are mands?
random sounds babies make
what are tacts?
when adults give these sounds meanings
whats an echoic response?
-a development of tacts
-e.g baby makes a sound ‘da’ adult repeats sound,then baby repeats sound and is praised by adult
what is the holophrastic stage? (12-18 months)
-babies start to form proto-words
-first words are mainly nouns and social interjections
-using some verbs and prepositions?
What are proto-words (holophrastic)
babies start to create what will eventually be a fully formed word e.g rayray for raisin
what is under-extension (holophrastic)
-not understanding that a word can have more than 1 meaning
what is over-extension? (holophrastic)
-not understanding that there’s limits to labels
What is a morpheme?
smallest unit of grammer
what is a free morpheme?
a unit that can stand independently and be meaningful on its own
what is a bound morpheme?
a morpheme that can only have meaning when attached to a free morpheme
Who coined the term naming explosion?
aitchson
what are nelson catagories of first words?
-naming
-action
-social
-modifying
-entities
-properties
-actions
-personal social
what are the functions of childs language? (pragmatics)
-asking for something
-expressing feelings or emotions
-referring to themselves
-asking about something
how can neurodiversity impact language?
-some babies born with autism can’t take part in echoic response or are stuck in it
-productive lexicon:either have an extensive vocab or limited one
What is behaviourism? (skinner)
learning in an environment of stimulus,rewards and punishments
What is positve reinforcement? (skinner)
providing a reward to increase the likelihood of a behaviour
What is negative reinforcement? (skinner)
removing an unpleasent stimulus to decrease the behaviour
What is langauge aquisition? (skinner)
-children are conditioned to learn language,parents play a crucial role in their development
What is immitation? (skinner)
-children imitate speech sounds and words from caregivers
-if imitation is rewarded learning takes place
Evidence in favour of skinner?
-parilingustics and prosodics must be imitated
-early vocab is made up of imitated labels
-children develop accents
evidence against skinner?
-children apply rules they can’t of learn’t from adults and form their own utterances
what are skinners schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed-ratio:responses reinforced after a set number of responses
Variable ratio:responses reinforced after unspecified or unpredictable number of responses
Fixed interval;responses reinforced over a specific amount of time
Variable interval:responses reinforced after an unspecified or unpredictable amount of time
What was Bard and Sach’s input theory?
-tests the role of interaction in the development of langauge
-studied jim a child with 2 deaf parents,who was delayed in his speech
What was Berko-gleason’s test? (counter to skinner)
wug test-demonstrates awareness of patterns
-skinner ignores the use of virtous errors
What is the sensorimoter stage? piaget
-from birth-2 years
-the world is understood through movements and sensations
-babies learn about object permeance
-begin to understand their actions have an affect on whats around them
What is the preoperational stage? piaget
-2 to 7 years
-children begin to learn words and use pics to represent objects
-language improves but thinking is still concrete
What is the concrete operational stage? piaget
-7-11
-children begin to understand the concept of conversation
-still struggle with abstract concepts
What is the formal operational stage? piaget
-11 to 12 years
-begins to think more abstractly
-begins to think about moral,ethical and political issues
-begins to use deductive logic
what is nativism? Chomsky
-basic concepts of language are innate
-language aquisition device and universal grammer
-direct opposition to behaviourism
what were Pinker’s contributions to behaviourism?
-speech perception in children
-principles and parameters theory
What was lennenburgs critical period hypothesis? supports nativism
-language is only possible within a specific timeframe
what are some criticisms of chomskys nativism?
-bard and sachs study on Jim
-feral children don’t develop language
Why is parental input important? bruner social interaction
-parental input helps create shared meanings
-social interaction helps to shape a child’s understanding of language
how is social interactionism connected to nativism? Bruner
-builds on nativism aknowledges a pre-disposition to language aquisition
What does LASS mean? Bruner
language aquisition support system
What is scaffolding? Bruner
support and guidance provided by parents and teachers to help develop a child’s language skills
what are proto-conversations? Bruner
early stage of conversation before the child becomes an effective language producer
-may include non-verbal responses
what is framing? bruner
-controlling the agenda of a conversation
-making utterances and allowing children to fill out the blanks
What is recasting? Bruner
-rephrasing and extending a childs utterance
What is child directed speech? Bruner
-using high pitch and elongated vowel sounds to make their language more accessible
What is Vygotsky’s scaffolding theory?
-idea of the zone of proximal development a child is able to complete with guidence
how is the z.p.d developed? Vygotsky
-children begin to use proper syntax and vocabulary
-first a child observes interactions between other people and then adopts these behaviours
What is Catagorical Overextension? Rescorla
-using one word to refer to all types of words
-e.g apple for all types of fruit
What is analogical over-extension?
-when a word is related to its perception or its function
e.g fluffy scarf might be called cat
What are Halliday’s 7 functions of language?
-instrumental:expressing needs
-regulatory:telling others what to do
-interactional:forming relationships
-personal
-Heuristic:environment
-imaginative
-representational
Roger Brown’s two word utterances
1.Doer/agent and action
2.action and affected
3.Entity and location
4.posseser and possesion
