Child language aquisition

Question 1

What were David Crystals contributions?

Answer 1

-Importance of 1st year
-a child can say 300 words by 3

Question 2

What are features of the pre-language stage? (0-3 months)

Answer 2

-crying/cooing to express needs
-little control of muscles
-voice box not properly in place
-responds to physical stimuli
-parents have an essential role in their future language development,motivating them to make sounds
-babies are aware of language

Question 3

What are the features of the babbling stage (3-12 months)

Answer 3

-babies make all the sounds they’re capable of as its throat and jaw muscles develop
-babies babble over 100 lone sounds

-during early babbling the voicebox is moving into position,baby begins to make voiced sounds

-later babbling,sounds are reduced to words they hear,requires spoken langauge around them

Question 4

what are mands?

Answer 4

random sounds babies make

Question 5

what are tacts?

Answer 5

when adults give these sounds meanings

Question 6

whats an echoic response?

Answer 6

-a development of tacts
-e.g baby makes a sound ‘da’ adult repeats sound,then baby repeats sound and is praised by adult

Question 7

what is the holophrastic stage? (12-18 months)

Answer 7

-babies start to form proto-words

-first words are mainly nouns and social interjections

-using some verbs and prepositions?

Question 8

What are proto-words (holophrastic)

Answer 8

babies start to create what will eventually be a fully formed word e.g rayray for raisin

Question 9

what is under-extension (holophrastic)

Answer 9

-not understanding that a word can have more than 1 meaning

Question 10

what is over-extension? (holophrastic)

Answer 10

-not understanding that there’s limits to labels

Question 11

What is a morpheme?

Answer 11

smallest unit of grammer

Question 12

what is a free morpheme?

Answer 12

a unit that can stand independently and be meaningful on its own

Question 13

what is a bound morpheme?

Answer 13

a morpheme that can only have meaning when attached to a free morpheme

Question 14

Who coined the term naming explosion?

Answer 14

aitchson

Question 15

what are nelson catagories of first words?

Answer 15

-naming
-action
-social
-modifying
-entities
-properties
-actions
-personal social

Question 16

what are the functions of childs language? (pragmatics)

Answer 16

-asking for something
-expressing feelings or emotions
-referring to themselves
-asking about something

Question 17

how can neurodiversity impact language?

Answer 17

-some babies born with autism can’t take part in echoic response or are stuck in it

-productive lexicon:either have an extensive vocab or limited one

Question 18

What is behaviourism? (skinner)

Answer 18

learning in an environment of stimulus,rewards and punishments

Question 19

What is positve reinforcement? (skinner)

Answer 19

providing a reward to increase the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 20

What is negative reinforcement? (skinner)

Answer 20

removing an unpleasent stimulus to decrease the behaviour

Question 21

What is langauge aquisition? (skinner)

Answer 21

-children are conditioned to learn language,parents play a crucial role in their development

Question 22

What is immitation? (skinner)

Answer 22

-children imitate speech sounds and words from caregivers
-if imitation is rewarded learning takes place

Question 23

Evidence in favour of skinner?

Answer 23

-parilingustics and prosodics must be imitated

-early vocab is made up of imitated labels
-children develop accents

Question 24

evidence against skinner?

Answer 24

-children apply rules they can’t of learn’t from adults and form their own utterances

Question 25

what are skinners schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 25

Fixed-ratio:responses reinforced after a set number of responses

Variable ratio:responses reinforced after unspecified or unpredictable number of responses

Fixed interval;responses reinforced over a specific amount of time

Variable interval:responses reinforced after an unspecified or unpredictable amount of time

Question 26

What was Bard and Sach’s input theory?

Answer 26

-tests the role of interaction in the development of langauge

-studied jim a child with 2 deaf parents,who was delayed in his speech

Question 27

What was Berko-gleason’s test? (counter to skinner)

Answer 27

wug test-demonstrates awareness of patterns

-skinner ignores the use of virtous errors

Question 28

What is the sensorimoter stage? piaget

Answer 28

-from birth-2 years

-the world is understood through movements and sensations

-babies learn about object permeance

-begin to understand their actions have an affect on whats around them

Question 29

What is the preoperational stage? piaget

Answer 29

-2 to 7 years

-children begin to learn words and use pics to represent objects

-language improves but thinking is still concrete

Question 30

What is the concrete operational stage? piaget

Answer 30

-7-11
-children begin to understand the concept of conversation

-still struggle with abstract concepts

Question 31

What is the formal operational stage? piaget

Answer 31

-11 to 12 years
-begins to think more abstractly

-begins to think about moral,ethical and political issues

-begins to use deductive logic

Question 32

what is nativism? Chomsky

Answer 32

-basic concepts of language are innate

-language aquisition device and universal grammer

-direct opposition to behaviourism

Question 33

what were Pinker’s contributions to behaviourism?

Answer 33

-speech perception in children

-principles and parameters theory

Question 34

What was lennenburgs critical period hypothesis? supports nativism

Answer 34

-language is only possible within a specific timeframe

Question 35

what are some criticisms of chomskys nativism?

Answer 35

-bard and sachs study on Jim
-feral children don’t develop language

Question 36

Why is parental input important? bruner social interaction

Answer 36

-parental input helps create shared meanings

-social interaction helps to shape a child’s understanding of language

Question 37

how is social interactionism connected to nativism? Bruner

Answer 37

-builds on nativism aknowledges a pre-disposition to language aquisition

Question 38

What does LASS mean? Bruner

Answer 38

language aquisition support system

Question 39

What is scaffolding? Bruner

Answer 39

support and guidance provided by parents and teachers to help develop a child’s language skills

Question 40

what are proto-conversations? Bruner

Answer 40

early stage of conversation before the child becomes an effective language producer

-may include non-verbal responses

Question 41

what is framing? bruner

Answer 41

-controlling the agenda of a conversation

-making utterances and allowing children to fill out the blanks

Question 42

What is recasting? Bruner

Answer 42

-rephrasing and extending a childs utterance

Question 43

What is child directed speech? Bruner

Answer 43

-using high pitch and elongated vowel sounds to make their language more accessible

Question 44

What is Vygotsky’s scaffolding theory?

Answer 44

-idea of the zone of proximal development a child is able to complete with guidence

Question 45

how is the z.p.d developed? Vygotsky

Answer 45

-children begin to use proper syntax and vocabulary

-first a child observes interactions between other people and then adopts these behaviours

Question 46

What is Catagorical Overextension? Rescorla

Answer 46

-using one word to refer to all types of words

-e.g apple for all types of fruit

Question 47

What is analogical over-extension?

Answer 47

-when a word is related to its perception or its function
e.g fluffy scarf might be called cat

Question 48

What are Halliday’s 7 functions of language?

Answer 48

-instrumental:expressing needs
-regulatory:telling others what to do
-interactional:forming relationships
-personal
-Heuristic:environment
-imaginative
-representational

Question 49

Roger Brown’s two word utterances

Answer 49

1.Doer/agent and action
2.action and affected
3.Entity and location
4.posseser and possesion