Child health and development

Question 1

What are the Three core concepts in early development?

Answer 1

1. Experiences build brain architecture
2. Serve and return interaction shapes brain circuitry
3. Toxic stress derails healthy development
   
   • Constant stimulation of stress response can inhibit child’s development and mean the child is always in toxic stress

Question 2

What is EDI - Equity from the start ?

Answer 2

= childs ability to meet a few standards during school to track their development

• EDI tools play a fundamental role in building emerging global consensus that early development is a social determinant of health

Question 3

Core development 6-8 weeks

Answer 3

• Begins to smile at people
• Turns head towards sounds
• Can hold head up
• Begins to follow things with eyes

Question 4

Core development 6 months

Answer 4

• Copies sounds
• Begins to sit without support
• Likes to play with others, especially parents
• Responds to own name
• Strings vowels when babbling

Question 5

Core development 12 months

Answer 5

• Uses simple gestures such as shaking head for ‘no’ or waving
• Copies gestures
• Responds to simple spoken requests
• Says mama and dada
• Pulls to stand

Question 6

Core development 18 months

Answer 6

• Says several single words
• Walks alone
• Knows what ordinary things example are, spoon
• Plays simple pretend e.g., feeding a doll
• Points to show something interesting

Question 7

Core development 2 years

Answer 7

• Says sentences with 2-4 words
• Gets excited with other children
• Follows simple instructions
• Kicks a ball

Question 8

Core development 3 years

Answer 8

• Copies adults and friends
• Carries on a conversation 2-3 sentences
• Plays make believe with dolls etc
• Shows affection
• Climbs well

Question 9

Core development 4 years

Answer 9

• Tells stories
• Hops and stands on one food
• Would rather play with other children alone
• Plays cooperatively
• Draws a person with 2-4 body parts

Question 10

Child Development assessment ( 3 aspects)

Answer 10

Risk and protective factors of:

1. Biological
   - premature and serious illness
   - temperament
2. Parenting:
   - infant-caregiver attachment (key factor in brain development)
   - inconsistent parenting
   - harsh discipline
   - parental psychopathology
   - maternal depression
   - maternal substance abuse
3. Family and social factors
   - family violence
   - quality of parental relationship
   - poverty and social class
   - social isolation
   - adolescent parenting (risk of child in poverty, adolescent mothers still need their development)

Question 11

Physical growth and development assessment

Answer 11

Assessed in terms of:

• physical growth: increase in size
• development: growth in function and capability
• Both processes highly depend on genetic, nutritional and environment factors

Question 12

What are the two frameworks of development

Answer 12

1. Brofenbrenners ecological framework of development
2. Biopsychosocial development

Concepts overlap

Question 13

Q: Give examples of genetic, nutritional and environmental factors that affect growth?

Answer 13

• Low birth weight
• premature
• malnutrition
• birth defects
• alcohol exposure in eutro
• mother smoking while pregnant

Question 14

What are some different assessment tools for growth and development?

Answer 14

Physical growth 
Puberty 
Motor development 
Language development 
Cognitive development 
Emotional and behavioral development

Question 15

Physical growth assessment

Answer 15

• full height and weight, increase in organ size

- 2 phases of growth: birth to 1-2 and 2-onset of puberty

Question 16

Puberty assessment

Answer 16

• is the process of physical maturation from child to adult.
  
  • Adolescence defines an age group, puberty occurs during adolescence
  • at puberty a 2nd growth spurt occurs

Question 17

Motor development

Answer 17

• find motor (picking up small objects, drawing) and gross motor (walking, climbing stairs) skills

Question 18

Language development

Answer 18

• the ability to understand language precedes the ability to speak; children with few words can usually understand alto
  
  • although delays in expressive speech are typically not accompanied by other developmental delays, all children with excessive language delays should be evaluated for presence of other delays

Question 19

Cognitive development

Answer 19

• refers to the intellectual maturation of children

- reading to children from a young age provides intellectual stimulation

Question 20

Emotional and behavioral development

Answer 20

• emotion and behaviour are based on the child’s developmental stage and temperament
• emotional growth and the acquisition of social skills are assessed by watching children interact with others in everyday situations

Question 21

Discuss the rational for the different temperature taking routes in children?

Answer 21

Axillary: recommended for routine clinical use but be aware that axillary temps are up to 1 degree lower than rectal

Rectal: gold standard for measuring central body temp but not always appropriate or necessary

Tympanic: not recommended as unreliable