Child Growth and Development Flashcards
How is childhood staged?
0-1 year = baby
0-2 years = infant
2-10 years = childhood
11- 13 years= early adolescence
14- 17 = middle adolescence
18-21 years = late adolescence
What are primitive reflexes?
Involuntary reflexes that can be elicited from the neonate.
Examples include:
- Rooting
- Grasp
- Moro
- Moro asymmetrical tone and neck reflex (ATNR)
How does a baby’s brain increase in weight from birth to 1 year of age?
What causes the increase in weight?
400g at birth →1kg at 1 year
Increase in weight occurs through myelination and synaptogenesis
Which region of the brain develops almost completely postnatally?
Orbitofrontal region
What are experience-expectant mechanisms?
Environmental input experienced by all species that play a necessary part in the development and organisation of the nervous system.
What are experience-dependent mechanisms?
Refers to the way in which unique experiences of each individual baby produce distinctive wiring of their brain.
Enables the individual child to adapt to specific features of the individual environment in which they inhabit.
Dependent on the dyad
When do the fontanelles close?
Anterior fontanelle: 18 months
Posterior fontanelle: 2-3 months
Label the parts of the neonatal skull on the diagram
What is synaptogenesis dependent on?
Experience-dependent mechanisms
What is attachment?
Bio-behavioural mechanism activated by anxiety with the aim of reducing stress and restoring security.
What does a secure attachment promote? (think domains)
- Emotional
- Social
- Behavioural adjustment
- School achievement
- Peer-related social status
At what age does the infant experience their first ‘true’ emotional reaction based on subjective experience?
3 months
Beginning of turn taking & shared positive affection between mother & baby
What is emotional regulation? What does this allow?
What are the types?
The process by which positive and negative emotions are kept within bounds, so they are not registered as overwhelming.
Provides ability to function in society
Internalising or Externalising
What are the levels of deGangi’s Model of Self regulation?
1) Homeostasis
Learn about internal & external signals (eg: process sensory info and when to signal to others for help)
2) Purposeful communication & planning of thought and actions
Differentiate own throughts and actions from others. Growing awareness of seprate identity
What are the Big developmental theories?
1) Stage theories
2) Piaget’s Cognitive development
* Sensorimotor: 0-2yrs
3) De Gangi’s Emotional Regulation
4) Erickson’s Psychosocial
* Stage 1- Trust vs Mistrust
5) Attachment Theory
At what age do infants develop the ability to recognise themselves?
What is this test called?
18 months
Gun Rouge Test- place dot on childs head and they should be able to reconise themselves in the mirror
Define growth
Dynamic process in which increasing cell size and number and various tissues result in a physical increase in the size of the body as a whole
What are the bi-directional quality of exchanges determined by?
1) Emotional tone
2) Rhythm
3) Matchedness
4) Interactive Repair
What is the dyad relationship based on?
1) Engagment
2) Predictability
3) Genuiness
What are the cephalocaudal and centrifugal principles
Cephalocaudal: refers to the general pattern of physical and functional development followed whereby development follows a head to toe progression
Centrifugal: refers to the growth from proximal to distal directions
What are the physical growth parameters?
Weight
Length (0-2yrs)
Height (2yrs +)
Occipito-Frontal Circumference
What is the healthy child programme?
The universal preventative programme that begins in pregnancy and continues through childhood.
Evidence based programme of growth and developmental reviews, screening, immunisations, health promotion and parenting support.
What are the core purposes of health and development reviews of the healthy child programme?
- Assess growth and development
- Detect abnormalities (for early intervention)
- Assess family strengths, needs and risks
- Give parents opportunities to discuss their concerns and aspirations.
What is the national child measurement programme?
Measures height and weight of children beginning 4-5 years of age
Provides data for the child excess weight indicators in the Public Health Outcomes Framework.
What are the developmental demains?
Gross motor: posture and large movements
Fine motor: vision and fine movements
Hearing and speech
Social behaviour and play
Which 3 domains must be examined to gain a developmental history if a developmental delay is identified?
Perinatal
Family
Environmental
Who is responsible for regulating a baby’s experience-dependent brain growth?
Parents
When should you adjust/ use different centile charts?
1) Sex
2) Prematurity- adjust
3) Conditions- eg: Downs
Do babies loose weight post birth?
YES
If a baby has crossed 2 centiles should you be worried- if so what should you do?
Yes, and refer
What are the types of FFT?
Organic: such as pyloric stenosis
Non-organic: eg- Neglect
When are the Age & Stage Questionares done?
By whom?
What domains do they cover?
9months -2 yrs
Completed by parents
Cover: Communication, Gross motor, Fine motor, Problem solving, Personal social skills
