Child Developmental Theories Flashcards
What is Piaget’s Stage Model of Cognitive Development concerned with?
What are the stages?
The development of a person’s thought process & how these influence how we undertand & interact w/ world
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
5.
What is Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage?
0-2yrs
Knowledge limited by: Sensory perceptions or Motor Activities
Behaviours limited to simple motor response to sensory stimuli
Object Permanance: When an infant knowns an object exits when it’s hidden
What is Piaget’s Preoperation stage?
2-7yrs
Child learns to use language
Children think symbolically but don’t understand concrete logic- cannot mentally manipulate information & unable to take other’s POV
What is Piaget’s Concrete Operation stage?
7-11yrs
Better understanding of mental operations
Begin to think logically about concrete events- difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts
Begin to conserve: mass, numbers, weight (understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though it’s appearance changes)
What is Piaget’s formal operational?
12- adulthood
Ability to think abstractly
Logical thought, deductive reasoning, systematic planning emerge
Ericcson’s Model of Pscyhsocial Development
is concered with?
Personailty develops in a series of stages
What are Ericcson’s Stages?
- Trust Vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generatively vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
What is Ericcson’s First Stage?
Trust vs Mistrust:
0-1yrs
Baby is totally dependant on caregiver- developing trust is based upon dependability & quality of baby’s caregiver
Successful –> Develop trust (feel safe & secure)
If caregiver fails to provide adequate care/love –> not trusing adults in later life (world is inconsistent & unpredictable)
What is Ericcson’s Second stage?
Autonomy vs Shame and guilt
Early childhood
Start performing basic actions autonomously
Allowing children to make choices & gain control helps develop sense of autonomy
eg: Toilet training. Successful completion –> feeling secure & confident. Failure –> Inadequacy & Self Doubt
What is Ericcosons third stage?
Initiative vs Guilt
Preschool yrs
Assert power & control through directing play & other social interactions
Success: Capable & able to lead others
Failure: Guilt, Self Doubt, Lack initiative
What is Ericcson’s fourth stage?
Industry vs Inferiority
5-11yrs
Through social interactions children develop sense of pride in accomplishments & abilities. If encouraged/ commended by teacher/ parents –> Competence (belief in abilities)
No enouragement –> Doubt abilities to be successful
What is Ericcson’s 5th stage?
Identity vs Confusion
Teenage yrs
Develop personal identity which influences behaviour & development for rest of a person’s life
Adolescence: Explore independence & develop sense of self
Proper enouragament & reinforcement through personal exploration –> Strong sense of self, independence & control
Unsure of beliefs & desires –> Insecure, confused about themselves & future
Personal identity shaped by experiences & interactions w/ others
What is Ericcson’s 6th stage?
Intimacy & Isolation
Early adulthood
Exploring personal relationships
Success –> Enduring and secure relationships
Remember: Each stage builds on skills learnt in previous stage
What does ‘Kohlberg’s Moral developmental stages’ believe?
People progress in moral reasoning
What are the 3 Levels of Kohlbergs?
- Preconventional:
- 1: Obedience & Punishment
- 2: Individualism, Instrumentalism & Exchange
- Conventional:
- 3: Good boy/ girl
- 4: Law & Order
- Post Conventional
- 5:Social Contract
- 6:Principled Conscience
What is Kohlberg’s first level?
Preconventional
Found in primary school
1st Level (Obedience and punishment): People behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to by authority figure. Compelled by threat/ punishment application
2st Level (Individualism, Instrumentalism & Exchange): Right behaviour is acting in one’s own best interests
What is Kohlberg’s Second level?
Generally found in society- attained by adolesence
3- Good boy/ Girl: Attitude that seeks to gain approval of others
2- Law and Order: Abiding the law & Moral sense of Obligation
What is Kohlberg’s third level?
Post Conventional- Not reached by majority of adults
5- Social Contract: Understanding of social mutuality & genuine interest in other’s welfare
6-Principled Conscience: Respect for universal principles and demands of individual conscience
What are Bibace & Walsh (1980) Children’s explanations of illness stages?
2-4yrs: Phenomenism
4-7yrs: Contagion
7-9yrs: Contamination
9-11yrs Internalisation
11-16yrs: Physiological
16+: Psychophysiological
What is Bibace & Walsh Children’s explanation of illness first stage?
2-4yrs - Phenomenism
Particular objects are believed to cause illness but there is no sense in the mechanism invovled
What is Bibace & Walsh Children’s explanation of illness second stage?
4-7yrs: Contagion
Illness is caused by proximity to a particular object
What is Bibace & Walsh Children’s explanation of illness third stage?
7-9yrs- Contamination
Illness is cause by physical contact with an ill person & may be viewed as punishment for behaviour
What is Bibace & Walsh Children’s explanation of illness fourth stage?
9-11yrs- Internalisation
Illness is located within body but may be caused by external factors eg: people get colds from being cold
What is Bibace & Walsh Children’s explanation of illness fifth stage?
11-16yrs- Physiological
Illness is caused by malfunctions in organs or due to systems which may be due to infection
What is Bibace & Walsh Children’s explanation of illness sixth stage?
16+- Psychophysiological:
Psychological factors eg: stress & fatigue can affect physiological processes rather than be an outcome