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Psychology 112 > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

The sequence of physical and psychological changes that humans undergo as they grow older.

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2
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

The scientific study of age related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotion and psychology.

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3
Q

Continuity and Change

A

To what extent is development characterised by continuous change, and to what extent does it involve discontinuities that result in the emergence of new forms and processes of change?

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4
Q

Quantitive Continuity

A

The development is continuous.

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5
Q

Qualitative Discontinuity

A

Something growing physically, it having different stages.

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6
Q

Sources of Development

A

Is development guided primarily by the genetic program locked into the body’s cells, or is the external environment the driving force that produces change?

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7
Q

Individual Differences

A

How do people come to have stable characteristics that differentiate them from other people?

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8
Q

Self - Report

A

Why don’t you just ask someone about their behaviour?

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9
Q

Observation

A

Why don’t you just look to see what is happening?

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10
Q

Experimental Methods

A

Two different groups, one does something the other doesn’t.

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11
Q

Clinical Interview Methods

A

Lying on the couch and talking about one’s feelings.

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12
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

The same group of people and you study them over a period of time.

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13
Q

Cross - Sectional Design

A

Different groups of people and you study them over a period of time.

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14
Q

What is cognition?

A

It basically means intellectual growth.

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15
Q

Stage One

A

They are reliant on the external stimulation in order to have cognitive behaviour.

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16
Q

Birth - 3 months.

A

Baby turns head towards noise.

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17
Q

3 months

A

Baby looks at where the object disappeared.

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18
Q

5 months

A

Baby anticipates future position of object.

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19
Q

8 months

A

Baby searches the last place they found the object, not where they last saw it.

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20
Q

12 months

A

Baby searches in the last place they last saw the object.

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21
Q

Schema Foundation

A

A mental representation or set of rules the defines a particular behaviour category.

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which new information is modified to fit with an existing schema.

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which an existing schema is modified of changed by new experience.

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24
Q

Representational Thought

A

The ability to form mental representations.

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25
Q

Second Stage - Pre-operational

A

Ability to think logically as well as symbolically.

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26
Q

Failure of Conservation

A

Understanding specific properties of objects.

27
Q

Egocentrism

A

Child’s belief that they see the world the same as adults.

28
Q

Third Stage - Concrete Operations

A

Ability to perform logical analysis.

29
Q

Fourth Stage - Formal Operations

A

Knowing yourself and your thought processes enough to work around it.

30
Q

Space and Object

A

The physical space around us.

31
Q

The Visual Cliff

A

We know that depth can be dangerous, but do children? They appear to be able to perceive depth.

32
Q

The Effect of Occlusion

A

Over time infants go from paying attention to novel things to being accustomed and paying less attention.

33
Q

Intentions

A

Very young children can understand that people might have different intentions.

34
Q

Counting

A

Even when they don’t use the right numbers, toddlers understand what counting is all about.

35
Q

Numerical Reasoning

A

Children younger than 6 can generally conserve if the task is relevant.

36
Q

Social Cognition

A

Piaget believed that children were egocentric until they were around 7 years old.

37
Q

Empathic Distress

A

If an adult gets upset, a child will as well.

38
Q

Theory of Mind

A

A group of skills relating to the understanding of the existence of other people’s minds.

39
Q

Social Development

A

Forming bonds with people, teaching to behave in socially acceptable ways.

40
Q

Attachment Revisited

A

Important part of forming social bonds.

41
Q

Emotional Development

A

A form of social development. Understanding other people’s feelings.

42
Q

Moral Development

A

Behaviour that conforms to a generally accepted set of rules.

43
Q

Pre-conventional Level

A

Behaviour is based on external sanctions, such as authority and punishment.

44
Q

Conventional Level

A

Includes an understanding that the social system has an interest in people’s behaviour.

45
Q

Post conventional Level

A

Moral rules have some underlying principles that apply to all situations and societies.

46
Q

Gender Identity

A

One’s private sense of male or femaleness. Your gender matches your morphological sex.

47
Q

Gender Roles

A

Cultural expectations about ways in which men and women should behave.

48
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Beliefs about differences in the behaviours, abilities and personality traits of males and females.

49
Q

Biological Explanations of Gender Differences

A

Exposure of the developing brain to male sex hormones has behavioural effects.

50
Q

Environmental Explanations

A

Children’s performance was highest when labelled as gender - appropriate and lowest when the game was labelled as gender - inappropriate.

51
Q

Smith and LLoyd

A

Even when there is no difference in appearance or outward behaviour, parents will act differently to the different genders.

52
Q
  1. Projective Measure
A

Projecting what you see into what you are.

53
Q

Intelligence

A

It was believed that you could take a child’s final score and use it as a way to test their intelligence.

54
Q

Psychological Wellbeing

A

No studies have shown ability of raters to differentiate between drawings or well - adjusted children and those who are not well - adjusted.

55
Q

Sexual Abuse

A

Drawings might have the potential to figure out if a child has been abused by their drawings.

56
Q
  1. Verbal Communicative Aid
A

Helping children to talk about the past.

57
Q

Child Sexual Abuse

A

How capable are children of providing evidence?

58
Q

Memory

A

Remembering is not a solid form of evidence. Often misleading.

59
Q

Verbal Report

A

Free recall accounts are highly accurate, but brief.

60
Q

Suggestibility

A

The degree to which one’s memory and/or recounting of an event is influenced by suggested information or misinformation.

61
Q

Imaginary Companions

A

Not many people know much about imaginary friends, because they are imaginary.

62
Q

Benjamin Spock

A

If imaginary friends persisted after the age of 4, parents were told to find a mental health professional.

63
Q

Attachment Objects

A

Young children may develop attachments to a variety of special inanimate objects, including soft toys and blankets.

64
Q

Videogames

A

The average time spent playing video games per week is 5.5 for girls and 13 for boys.

Psychology 112 (3 decks)

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