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BhM > Child and Adolescent Development > Flashcards

Child and Adolescent Development Flashcards

1
Q

APGAR stands for…

A 
Activity
Pulse
Grimace
Appearance
Respiration
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2
Q

APGAR 0

A

No response, blue-gray, pale all over

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3
Q

APGAR 1

A 
Arms and legs flexed
<100bpm
Grimace
NML appearance, except extremities
Slow, irregular respirations
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4
Q

APGAR 2

A 
Active movement
>100 bpm
sneeze, cough, pulls away
NML appearance over entire body
Good respirations, crying
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5
Q

APGAR scores @ 1 minute

A

3-4 indicates severe CP depression and requires immediate resuscitation
5-6 indicates mild CNS depression

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6
Q

APGAR score @ 5 minutes

A

score >/= 8 indicates NML CP exam

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7
Q

Neonatal reflex where hand closes over finger

A

Palmar grasp; disappears by 2m

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8
Q

Neonatal reflex where when head is turned, the same-side arm and leg are extended and the other-side arm and leg are flexed

A

Tonic neck/fencing reflex; disappears by 7-8m

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9
Q

Reflex where when head is held erect, neonate takes steps

A

Stepping; disappears by 2-4m

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10
Q

Reflex where they’re startled by loud noise or abrupt movement, arms flail out then flex and adduct

A

Moro; disappears by 3-6m

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11
Q

Reflex with extension of toe when sole is stroked

A

Babinski; disappears by 1y

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12
Q

Two principles of child development

A

Cephalo-caudal: babies gain control of their head before their legs and feet
Proximo-distal: babies have control of large, coarse movement muscle groups before fine motor muscle groups

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13
Q

What are developmental characteristics of infancy?

A
  • Piaget’s sensorimotor period (birth to 2)
  • 12-18m: object permanence
  • Mothereese, babbling, echolalia (repeating what others say), first words
  • primitive fine motor movement precedes voluntary (grasp reflex gone by 2m)
  • ulnar to radial progression of grasp
  • pronation precedes supination
  • hand preference develops around 1-3 y
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14
Q

What are developmental characteristics of toddlers?

A
  • 18m-3y
  • 18m: climb stairs, run awkwardly, telegraphic speech (2 words)
  • “walkie-talkie” walk @ 1, talk @ 2
  • By 3y - NML conversation
  • Play is solitary or parallel
  • Bladder by 4 y, bowel by 3 (day time continence is easier/sooner)
  • fears: animals, strangers, dark, being lost
  • temper tantrums common; toddlers can’t easily delay gratification, suppress anger, see another’s perspective
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15
Q

Enuresis

A

inability to control bladder by age 5

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16
Q

Encopresis

A

Inability to control bowel by age 4

17
Q

Animism example

A

Clock is buzzing because it’s excited morning is here

18
Q

Artificialism example

A

windy because a huge fan is blowing

19
Q

Egocentrism example

A

sun rises to keep me warm

20
Q

Transductive reasoning

A

child must take medicine because the doctor put otoscope in their ear

21
Q

What are developmental characteristics of preschool/kindergarten kids?

A
  • cooperative play begins
  • age 3-6
  • animism, artificialism, egocentrism, transductive reasoning
  • increasing preference for same age playmates
  • increasing sex-stereotyped play
  • group and competitive sports introduced
  • motor development: 3 - ride tricycle, climb stairs alone, put on shoes; 4 - throw ball overhand, work fasteners, use utensils properly; 5 - skip, hop, complex activities like swimming, skating
22
Q

What are developmental characteristics of school-aged kids?

A
  • Piaget’s stage of concrete operations
  • ages 6-12
  • concept of conservation, concept of reversibility
  • peer contact increases, same sex peer relationships become especially close
  • mastery, competition
  • brain fully developed by 6
  • by 10, adult sleep pattern
23
Q

single most predictive piece of information for development is…

A

parental concern

24
Q

categories for parental concern

A

Emotional/behavioral, speech-language, social skills, self-help skills, gross motor, fine motor, global

25
Q

decision making process for developmental screening

A
  1. elicit/probe parent concern
  2. categorize
  3. screen
  4. monitor
  5. refer
  6. counsel/inform/reassure
26
Q

Adolescent development in girls

A

Breasts bud by age 8
Pubic, axillary, leg hair by 9/10
Menarche about 2 years after breast budding

27
Q

Adolescent development in boys

A

Increased testicular volume/penile length by age 9
Pubic, axillary, facial hair by 12
voice change when penis elongates
nocturnal emission at about 13

28
Q

transition through adolescence involves mastery of…

A

Independence, body image acceptance, peer relationships, and identity

29
Q

Co-occuring disorders

A

Mental health condition and SUD
ASD and other mental health dx
anxiety and depression
serious deficits in other social determinants of health

30
Q

recommendation for mental health screening

A

asymptomatic children >/= 5 years annually for mental health disorders and impaired psychosocial functioning
Additional indications: psychosocial concerns by family, family disruption, poor school performance, behavioral difficulty, recurrent somatic complaints, involvement of social service

31
Q

important elements of a screening tool

A

reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity

32
Q

Early adolescence 10-13y

A
  • Independence: less interest in parental activities and reluctance to accept parental advice, emotional lability
  • Body image: self preoccupation, rapid physical changes, increase interest in sexual anat/phys
  • Peers; increase dependence on peers, intense same-sex friendships
  • Identity: increased cognition and abstract thought, idealistic goals, increased privacy need, impulsive need for immediate gratification
33
Q

Middle adolescence 14-17y

A
  • Independence: peak parental conflict
  • Body image: acceptance of body/efforts to make body more attractive
  • Peers: peak peer involvement, relationships less exploitive and more sharing
  • Identity: increased scope of feelings, increased intellectual ability, omnipotence feelings > risk taking
34
Q

Late adolescence 17-21+

A
  • Independence: reacceptance of parental advice and rules
  • body image: acceptance of pubertal changes
  • peers: peer group less important, seeks true intimacy
  • identity: refinement of values, realistic goals, developing ability to set limits, compromise, delay gratification
35
Q

Depression

A

Period of at least 2 weeks during which there is either depressed mood or loss of interest in nearly all activities + 4 other sx

  • Anger or hostility
  • Changes in eating or sleeping habits
  • Fatigue or lack of energy
  • Hopelessness
  • Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
  • Poor school performance
  • Lack of motivation
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Tearfulness or frequent crying
  • Restlessness
  • Agitation
  • Unexplained aches or pains
  • Thoughts of death or suicide (with or without a plan)
36
Q

what quick screening tool is used for depression?

A

PHQ-2 - over the last 2 weeks, how often have you experienced?

  1. little interest or pleasure in doing things
  2. feeling down, depressed, or hopeless
37
Q

ADHD

A
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, distractibility
  • sx present in at least 2 settings
  • onset of sx before age 12
38
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A 
-pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6m
Exhibits >/= 4 of...
-Arguing with adults
-Loss of temper
-Defy/refuse to comply with requests
-Deliberately annoy people
-Blame others for their mistakes
-Angry and resentful
-Spiteful and vindictive
39
Q

Conduct disorder

A

-Pattern of behavior in which other people’s basic rights are violated or social rules and norms are broken
3 of the following in the past 12m and at least 1 in past 6 m
-aggression to people and animals (destruction of property)
-deceitfulness and theft
-serious violations of rules
-onset in childhood
Antisocial behavior in indiv >18y

BhM (7 decks)

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